Absorption/ Excretion of Nutrients and Cellular Respiration

Question 1

What is active transport?

Answer 1

requires transport protein and energy (ATP)
nutrients flow from low to high concentration
most nutrients are absorbed this way
ex: glucose, AA, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, galactose

Question 2

What is passive transport?

Answer 2

does not require energy
nutrients flow from high to low concentration
includes simple and facilitated diffusion

Question 3

What is simple diffusion?

Answer 3

nutrients diffuse from high to low concentrations (intestine > blood > lymph)
ex: water and electrolytes, alcohol

Question 4

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 4

need a carrier to pass across brush border membrane

ex: fructose, water soluble vitamins, sorbitol

Question 5

What is glycolysis?

Answer 5

breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid

Question 6

What is glycogenesis?

Answer 6

the formation of glycogen from glucose

Question 7

What is glucagon?

Answer 7

released in response of low blood glucose to induce glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen to release glucose)

Question 8

What is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 8

Synthesis of glucose from non-carb sources (fat/glycerol, pyruvate, and amino acids)

Question 9

Insulin

Answer 9

hormone released from beta cells in pancreas when sugar levels rise in the blood, it decreases blood glucose by transporting glucose from the bloodstream into the cell and increasing the synthesis of glycogen in the liver

Question 10

glucagon

Answer 10

hormone released from alpha cells in the pancreas
secreted when it senses low blood glucose (a few hours after eating) causing a rise in blood glucose by increasing glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen)

Question 11

epinephrine

Answer 11

hormone released by adrenal gland

responds to stress, and it stimulates the liver and muscle to release glucose from glycogen

Question 12

thyroxine

Answer 12

hormone released by the thyroid
plays a role in carb and protein metabolism
a person with hypoparathyroidism see a decrease in BMR and gain wt

Question 13

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Answer 13

raise blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis (AA turn into glucose)
counteract effects of insulin

Question 14

how many ATP are produced with one glucose molecule?

Answer 14

38 ATP

Question 15

What is lactate used for in Cori cycle?

Answer 15

used for muscle contractions when energy needs an excess supply of oxygen
released from tissue, transported to liver, and converted back to pyruvate

Question 16

what is LDH used for?

Answer 16

Lactic dehydrogenase
enzyme that is used to go from pyruvate to lactate and back in Cory cycle.
when high, it means you are converting a lot of lactic acid and there is no oxygen here so it can be a sign of metabolic acidosis or other problems

Question 17

Lypolysis

Answer 17

triglycerides that are oxidized to form acetyl CoA

when there is an overproduction of acetyl CoA, ketone bodies are produced (acidic) and can lead to metabolic acidosis

Question 18

lipogenesis

Answer 18

fatty acids + glycerol = triglycerides

needs NADPH from pentose shunt

Question 19

What does deamination produce?

Answer 19

removal of amino group
produces ammonia
ammonia gets converted into urea and excreted by kidney

Question 20

What is transamination

Answer 20

converting an amino acid and keto acid to a new amino acid and keto acids

Question 21

What are the intermediates of TCA cycle?

Answer 21

carbohydrates, proteins, fats

Question 22

glycolysis

Answer 22

glucose to pyruvate

Question 23

glycogenesis

Answer 23

glucose to glycogen

Question 24

glycogenolysis

Answer 24

glycogen to glucose

Question 25

pentose shunt

Answer 25

glucose to ribose-5-P

Question 26

lipolysis

Answer 26

TG to glycerol + FA

Question 27

lipogenesis

Answer 27

glycerol + FA =TG

Question 28

ketogenesis

Answer 28

Acetyl CoA to ketone bodies

Question 29

ketolysis

Answer 29

ketone bodies to Acetyl CoA

Question 30

transamination