Energy, Water and Acid/Base balance

Question 1

What is ETF?

Answer 1

Thermic effect of food

energy expenditure associated with consumption, digestion, and absorption of food

Question 2

What is AT?

Answer 2

Activity thermogenesis

energy expenditure associated with physical activity or daily movement

Question 3

What is a major factor that affects REE?

Answer 3

Resting energy expenditure
body composition (primary predictor of REE)

Question 4

A tropical climate can increase BMR by how much?

Answer 4

5-20%

Question 5

What factors can induce 7-15% increase in BMR?

Answer 5

caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol

Question 6

Fever increases REE by what percentage above what degrees?

Answer 6

7%, 98.6 degrees F

Question 7

What formula is used to calculate IBW? What is the equation?

Answer 7

Hamwi formula
men: 106 + 6lbs for each additional inch above 60 in
women 100 + 5lbs for each additional inch above 60 in

Question 8

Formula to calculate IBW%

Answer 8

actual body wt/ IBW

Question 9

What formula is used to calculate estimated energy needs? What is the equation?

Answer 9

Mifflin St. Jeor
Male: 10 (wt in kg) + 6.25 (ht in cm) - 5 (age in yrs) +5
Female: 10 (wt in kg) + 6.25 (ht in cm) - 5 (age in yrs) - 161

Question 10

What are the monosaccharides?

Answer 10

Go Fruits Go!
Galactose, fructose, glucose (dextrose)
energy source

Question 11

What are the disaccharides?

Answer 11

transport form
Small, Medium, Large
Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose

Question 12

What are the polysaccharides?

Answer 12

storage form
Can Get Stored!
Cellulose, Glycogen, Starch

Question 13

What are the sensible water losses?

Answer 13

urine and feces

Question 14

What are the insensible water losses and how much does the body lose this way?

Answer 14

lungs (respiration) and skin surface (water vapor)

loses 0.8-1.2 L of water

Question 15

water recommendation for athletes

Answer 15

1-1.25 L of fluid for each 1kg of body wt lost during exercise

Question 16

This hormone increases water reabsorption in the kidneys which increases blood pressure

Answer 16

antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

Question 17

which hormone regulates sodium and water in the body (affecting blood pressure)?

Answer 17

aldosterone

Question 18

Which hormone increases blood pressure (increases aldosterone biosynthesis and renal function)?

Answer 18

Angiotensin II

Question 19

Which hormone is a steroid that helps to maintain blood pressure, immune function, and anti-inflammatory processes?

Answer 19

cortisol

Question 20

What hormone increases heart rate and blood pressure, acts as a stress hormone and neurotransmitter, and triggers the release of glucose into the blood?

Answer 20

norepinephrine

Question 21

What hormone increases heart rate, muscle strength, and blood pressure?

Answer 21

epinephrine

Question 22

1 contributor to endogenous acid production

Answer 22

the more protein in the diet, the more acid production

sulfur containing amino acids (methionine, cysteine, homocysteine) yield sulfuric acid

Question 23

What does hypercapnia refer to? What are some causes?

Answer 23

increased CO2 retention which makes body more acidic?

COPD, anesthesia, overfeeding (causes pt to generate more CO2 because it’s made from macronutrients)

Question 24

When does hypocapnia occur? What causes it?

Answer 24

decrease CO2 in bloodstream; hyperventilation

high altitudes, extreme anxiety, excessive ventilation by mechanical ventilators, certain types of lung disease

Question 25

What causes metabolic acidosis occur?

Answer 25

1. diarrhea (loss of bicarb from below stomach) (most common)
   - ex: SBS, fistula, colostomy, ileostomy
2. problem in metabolism
   - lactic acidosis d/t extreme exercise
   - ketoacidosis
3. addition of toxins
4. renal problems