Nutrition, Obesity & Diabetes

Question 1

Traditional Definition of Obesity and Overweight

Answer 1

Obese - Body fatness above population norm.

Overweight - Body weight above population norm

Question 2

Current NIH Definition

Answer 2

Obese is a more severe form of overweight

Question 3

Double Burden of Disease in LMIC

Answer 3

Developing countries are still having issues of infectious disease and under-nutrition

There is also an increase of chronic disease related to obesity - esp. in urban settings.

Question 4

The problems that the Double Burden of Disease poses

Answer 4

Causes inadequate prenatal care, lack of infant and child nutrition, and eating high fat and high sugar foods.

Question 5

Classification of Overweight and Obesity (BMI)

Answer 5

<18.5 - Underweight
18.5 - 24.9 Normal weight
25 - 29.9 Overweight
30 - 34.9 Obesity Class I
35 - 39.9 Obesity Class II
40 - 49.9 Obesity Class III
50 and above Super Obesity

Question 6

Etiology of Pediatric Obesity

Answer 6

1. Genetic predisposition: 80% risk if both parents obese
2. Environment
3. Dietary intake
4. Physical activity / sedentary activity

Question 7

Treatment of Pediatric Obesity

Answer 7

• Multidisciplinary and comprehensive
• Formal behavior modification
• Family - based

Question 8

What are the health implications of childhood obesity?

Answer 8

• Premature death
• Developing heart disease at younger ages
• Developing diabetes type 2 at younger ages

Question 9

How to prevent childhood obesity?

Answer 9

Childhood obesity is preventable
Schools play a role
Healthcare professionals play a role

Question 10

Causes of Obesity

Answer 10

• Global shift in how we eat
• Western diet of processed food
• High sugar, fat and calories in what we eat
• Less nutrients
• Reduced intake of vitamins and minerals

Question 11

Contributors to weight gain

Answer 11

Socio-economic status
Smoking cessation
Hormonal
Inactivity
Pyschosocial/emotions
Medications

Question 12

Health consequences of Obesity

Answer 12

Cardiovascular disease risk
Type 2 diabetes (epidemic)
Hypertension
Orthopedic problems
Sleep apnoea
Gall bladder disease/steatohepatitis
Psychosocial problems

Question 13

Obesity and Heath - Contribution to Over half of Western Chronic Diseases (List them)

Answer 13

Coronary heart disease
All major cancers (except lung cancers)
Diabetes
Stroke

Question 14

What is Diabetes?

Answer 14

A disease in which the body is either not producing or has lost sensitivity to insulin (a hormone produced in the body by the pancreas) and that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy.

Question 15

Overweight & CHD

Answer 15

Being Overweight
*Increases CHD mortality risk
*Increases Total Cholesterol and LDL-C
*Decreases HDL-C
*Increases VLDL-TG

Question 16

Weight Loss Strategies

Answer 16

Diet therapy
Increased Physical Activity
Pharmacotherapy
Behavioral Therapy
Surgery
Any combination of the above

Question 17

Symptoms of Gestational Diabetes

Answer 17

Polyphagia - Excessive eating
Polyurea - Excessive urination
Polydipsia - Excessive fluid intake
Blurred vision
Poor wound healing

Question 18

Risk Factors for Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 18

Family history
Cardiovascular disease
Obesity
Sedentary lifestyle
History of impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance
Hypertension
Gestational diabetes
Ethnic groups at high risk - Asian Americans, Native Americans, Latinos, Blacks, Pacific Islanders

Question 19

Diabetes Complications

Answer 19

Blindness - caused by diabetic retinopathy
Kidney disease - diabetic nephropathy
Heart disease and stroke
Nerve disease and amputations
Erectile dysfunction (Impotence)

Question 20

How to avoid Diabetes Complications

Answer 20

Control weight
Eat a healthy well balanced diet
Get regular exercise
Have regular checkups
Check feet everyday for cut and blisters
Don’t smoke
Keep blood sugar normal
Avoid the 2 common diabetic problems - hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia

Question 21

Symptoms of Hypoglycemia

Answer 21

Shakiness
Dizziness
Sweating
Hunger
Headache
Pale skin
Sudden moodiness
Clumsy or jerky movements
Difficulty paying attention
Tingling sensation around mouth

Question 22

Long Term Complications of Diabetes

Answer 22

Increasing number of deaths from cardiovascular and renal complications

Renal (micro vascular) disease is more common in type 1 diabetes

Cardiovascular disease (macro vascular) complications are more common in type 2 diabetics