Nutrition, Obesity & Diabetes Flashcards
Traditional Definition of Obesity and Overweight
Obese - Body fatness above population norm.
Overweight - Body weight above population norm
Current NIH Definition
Obese is a more severe form of overweight
Double Burden of Disease in LMIC
Developing countries are still having issues of infectious disease and under-nutrition
There is also an increase of chronic disease related to obesity - esp. in urban settings.
The problems that the Double Burden of Disease poses
Causes inadequate prenatal care, lack of infant and child nutrition, and eating high fat and high sugar foods.
Classification of Overweight and Obesity (BMI)
<18.5 - Underweight
18.5 - 24.9 Normal weight
25 - 29.9 Overweight
30 - 34.9 Obesity Class I
35 - 39.9 Obesity Class II
40 - 49.9 Obesity Class III
50 and above Super Obesity
Etiology of Pediatric Obesity
- Genetic predisposition: 80% risk if both parents obese
- Environment
- Dietary intake
- Physical activity / sedentary activity
Treatment of Pediatric Obesity
- Multidisciplinary and comprehensive
- Formal behavior modification
- Family - based
What are the health implications of childhood obesity?
- Premature death
- Developing heart disease at younger ages
- Developing diabetes type 2 at younger ages
How to prevent childhood obesity?
Childhood obesity is preventable
Schools play a role
Healthcare professionals play a role
Causes of Obesity
- Global shift in how we eat
- Western diet of processed food
- High sugar, fat and calories in what we eat
- Less nutrients
- Reduced intake of vitamins and minerals
Contributors to weight gain
Socio-economic status
Smoking cessation
Hormonal
Inactivity
Pyschosocial/emotions
Medications
Health consequences of Obesity
Cardiovascular disease risk
Type 2 diabetes (epidemic)
Hypertension
Orthopedic problems
Sleep apnoea
Gall bladder disease/steatohepatitis
Psychosocial problems
Obesity and Heath - Contribution to Over half of Western Chronic Diseases (List them)
Coronary heart disease
All major cancers (except lung cancers)
Diabetes
Stroke
What is Diabetes?
A disease in which the body is either not producing or has lost sensitivity to insulin (a hormone produced in the body by the pancreas) and that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy.
Overweight & CHD
Being Overweight
*Increases CHD mortality risk
*Increases Total Cholesterol and LDL-C
*Decreases HDL-C
*Increases VLDL-TG
Weight Loss Strategies
Diet therapy
Increased Physical Activity
Pharmacotherapy
Behavioral Therapy
Surgery
Any combination of the above
Symptoms of Gestational Diabetes
Polyphagia - Excessive eating
Polyurea - Excessive urination
Polydipsia - Excessive fluid intake
Blurred vision
Poor wound healing
Risk Factors for Diabetes Mellitus
Family history
Cardiovascular disease
Obesity
Sedentary lifestyle
History of impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance
Hypertension
Gestational diabetes
Ethnic groups at high risk - Asian Americans, Native Americans, Latinos, Blacks, Pacific Islanders
Diabetes Complications
Blindness - caused by diabetic retinopathy
Kidney disease - diabetic nephropathy
Heart disease and stroke
Nerve disease and amputations
Erectile dysfunction (Impotence)
How to avoid Diabetes Complications
Control weight
Eat a healthy well balanced diet
Get regular exercise
Have regular checkups
Check feet everyday for cut and blisters
Don’t smoke
Keep blood sugar normal
Avoid the 2 common diabetic problems - hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia
Symptoms of Hypoglycemia
Shakiness
Dizziness
Sweating
Hunger
Headache
Pale skin
Sudden moodiness
Clumsy or jerky movements
Difficulty paying attention
Tingling sensation around mouth
Long Term Complications of Diabetes
Increasing number of deaths from cardiovascular and renal complications
Renal (micro vascular) disease is more common in type 1 diabetes
Cardiovascular disease (macro vascular) complications are more common in type 2 diabetics
