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Community health > Health Promotion > Flashcards

Health Promotion Flashcards

1
Q

What are the limitations of the WHO definition of health

A
  • Health is dynamic, not a state.
  • The dimensions are inadequate
  • Measurement is difficult
  • The definition is idealistic rather than realistic
  • Health is not an end but a means to an end
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2
Q

What is McKenzie et al.’s definition of health?

A

Health is a dynamic state or condition of the organism that is multidimensional in nature, a resource for living and results from a person’s interaction with and adaptation to his or her environment. Therefore it can exist in varying degrees and is specific to each individual and his/her situation.

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3
Q

What is holistic health?

A

Emotional, Mental, Spiritual, Social, Physical, Sexual in center circle.
Societal health in another circle
Environmental health encompassing them all

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4
Q

According to the Bio-medical model of health, how is disease generated and the human body views?

A
  • Disease is generated by specific etiological agents which leads to changes in the body’s structure and function.
  • The human body is viewed as a machine (if a part malfunctions it can be repaired or replaced)
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5
Q

According to the Bio-medical model of health, how does the mind and body function and how is health seen?

A

The mind and body function independently (duality of mind & body).

  • Health is seen in terms of the absence of disease.
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6
Q

What is the Bio-medical model of health based on and what does it focus on?

A

Based on scientific rationality (emphasis on objective, numerical measurement and an emphasis on physical and chemical data.

It focuses on treating disease and risk-taking among individuals.

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7
Q

How does ill-health result according to the social model of health and how is illness and sickness detected?

A
  • Ill-health is caused by a combination of biological (eg. genetic predisposition), social (poverty) and psychological factors (eg anxiety, depression)
  • Illness and sickness (subjective feelings and perceptions of dis-ease) are not necessary detected by biochemical indicators
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8
Q

The social model locates people…

A

The social model locates people in their social context and understand ill health as a process of interaction between people and their environments

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9
Q

What does the social model of health focus on?

A

The social model focuses on societal factors that are risk imposing or illness inducing (for example, toxic pollution, stressful work, discrimination, and peer pressure etc).

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10
Q

What key social stratification factors and environmental factors influence development of coronary heart disease?

A
  • Social stratification factors
    Socioeconomic group
    Gender
    Age
    Ethnicity
  • Environmental factors
    Housing
    Environment
    Access to health services
    Access to leisure facilities
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11
Q

What key lifestyle factors and physiological factors influence development of coronary heart disease?

A
  • Lifestyle factors
    Diet
    Smoking
    Physical activity
    Psychosocial factors (eg stress)
  • Physiological factors
    Blood cholesterol
    Blood pressure
    Obesity
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12
Q

What is health promotion?

A

The process of enabling people to increase control over the determinants of health and thereby improve their health (WHO, 1998)

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13
Q

What is health education?

A

Planned opportunities for people to learn about health and make changes in their behaviour (Naidoo and Wills, 2009)

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14
Q

What is distinctive about health promotion?

A

What is distinctive about health promotion is the attention that it gives to the facilitation of healthy lives: the idea that it is no good just telling people that they should change their lifestyles without also altering their social, economic and ecological environments (Bunton et al., 2005)

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15
Q

Describe Tannahil’s model of health promotion

A

Consists of three overlapping spheres of activity.
First sphere - Health education: Communication to enhance well-being by improving knowledge and attitudes.

Second sphere - Health promotion: Reducing or avoiding the risk of diseases and ill-health.

Third sphere - Health protection: Safeguarding health through legislative , financial or social measures.

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16
Q

What are the key questions that guide the selection of methods for health education?

A
  • What learning is required?
  • Who is the target (group)?
  • How large is the group?
  • What are the contextual factors?
17
Q

What is (health) learning?

A

Learning has been defined as a relatively permanent change in capability or disposition.

18
Q

What areas might learning involve change in?

A
  • Knowledge and understanding
  • Ways of thinking
  • Beliefs
  • Values
  • Attitudes
  • Acquisition or development of skills (psychomotor, social interaction and problem solving or decision making)
19
Q

Give the classification/domains of learning

A
  • Cognitive – concerned with knowledge and beliefs
  • Affective – concerned with values and feelings
  • Conative – concerned with purposeful action and change
20
Q

When is the term advocacy used?

A

It is used as a term in judicial systems in individual case work, for example in mental health, in policy making

21
Q

How did Smithies and Webster (1998: 105) define advocacy?

A

Advocacy is about people speaking up for or acting on behalf of themselves, possibly with the support of another person/group or ‘advocate’. It is also about taking action to get something changed, in order to a take more control over our lives

22
Q

How is advocacy viewed in the context of public health and health promotion?

A

Health advocacy in the context of public health and health promotion is used to describe a process of support for health programs and healthy public policy

23
Q

What is the definition of advocacy from HP Glossary and what is the role of health professionals?

A
  • A combination of individual and social actions designed to gain political commitment, policy support, social acceptance and systems support for a particular health goal or programme.
  • Health professionals have a major responsibility to act as advocates for health at all levels of society”.
24
Q

What is advocacy associated with? List the advocacy methods

A

Advocacy is associated with campaigning.

Advocacy methods can include:
- Individual case work
- Use of mass media/media advocacy
- Political lobbying
- Community mobilization
- Coalition building

25
Q

How does advocacy occur in the policy making process?

A

Advocacy can occur at different levels of the policy making process, from international to micro level policy making. It is often associated with the agenda setting stage

26
Q

At what different stages of the policy process does advocacy occur?

A
  • Getting issues on the agenda
  • Changing public or policy makers’ perceptions of issues (issue framing)
  • Presenting and lobbying for alternative options for policies (selection of options)
  • Making sure policies are given stamp of approval and are made official (legitimation)
  • Mobilising resources to implement policies (allocation of resources)
  • Lobby for improved implementation (implementation
27
Q

What are the five domains that interact and determine health status?

A
  • Gestational endowment/genetic make-up
  • Social circumstances (eg. Education,employment, income, poverty, housing, crime, and social cohesion)
  • Environmental conditions where people live and work (i.e. toxic agents, microbial agents, and structural hazards)
  • Behavioural choices (eg. Diet, physical activity, substance use and abuse)
  • Availability of quality medical care
28
Q

Define community

A

A group of people who have common characteristics; communities can be defined by location, race, ethnicity, age, occupation, interest in particular problems or outcomes, or common bonds

29
Q

How are communities characterized?

A
  • Membership
  • Common symbol systems
  • Shared values and norms
  • Mutual influence
  • Shared needs and interests
30
Q

What are the aims of community diagnosis?

A

Community diagnosis aims to understand many facets of the community including culture, values and norms, leadership and power structure, means of communication, helping patterns, important community institutions and history.

31
Q

What does community diagnosis (analysis) suggest?

A

It also suggests what it is like to live in a community, what the important health problems are, what interventions are likely to be most efficacious, and how the program would be best evaluated

32
Q

What are the benefits of community diagnosis?

A
  • Provide opportunities for communities to participate in directing the course of health services delivery
  • It provides an overall picture of the local community and the residents’ concerns
  • Community diagnosis suggests priority areas for intervention and the feasible solutions to address them.
  • It creates opportunity for inter-sectoral collaboration and media involvement
33
Q

List the process of community diagnosis

A

Five stages

1.Initiation
2. Data Collection and analysis
3. Diagnosis
* Health status of the community
* Determinants of health in the community
4. Prioritization of needs
5. Dissemination

34
Q

What are the tools of community diagnosis?

A
  • Community meeting (town hall/public forum)
  • Surveys
  • Interview
  • Focus group
  • Community mapping
  • Asset inventory
35
Q

What are the components of community diagnosis?

A
  • Geography
    *Demography (age, sex, birth/death rate
  • Economic life (sources of income and employment etc)
  • Social indicators
  • Education
  • Housing, communication and transportation
  • Sources of health care and health information
  • Recreation
  • Leadership pattern
  • Health status of the community (morbidity and mortality
  • Environmental indices (water supply, sanitation etc)
  • Food/nutrition
36
Q

What are the types of health/social needs

A
  • Normative Needs: Defined by experts or professional groups (such as the need for medical treatment)
  • Felt Needs: Individual’s perception of variations from normal health
  • Expressed Needs: Vocalization of need or how people use service
  • Comparative Needs: Identified when people, groups or areas fall short of an established standard
37
Q

Give the alternative interpretations of need at the scene of accident

A
  1. We need first aid training
  2. We need to have a speed limit
  3. We need somewhere to play safely.
  4. We need safety education
  5. It took too long to get him to the hospital - we need an emergency helicopter.
38
Q

Why is some prioritization of health needs necessary?

A

Regardless of the approach taken to study a community health status, a number of different health needs will emerge in view of the wide range of factors which impact on health status.

39
Q

How is prioritization of health needs carried out?

A

In terms of:
1. Impact – in terms of the severity or magnitude of the problem
2. Changeability – feasibility of change
3. Acceptability of change and availability of resources are also important consideration

Community health (19 decks)

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