Health Promotion Flashcards
What are the limitations of the WHO definition of health
- Health is dynamic, not a state.
- The dimensions are inadequate
- Measurement is difficult
- The definition is idealistic rather than realistic
- Health is not an end but a means to an end
What is McKenzie et al.’s definition of health?
Health is a dynamic state or condition of the organism that is multidimensional in nature, a resource for living and results from a person’s interaction with and adaptation to his or her environment. Therefore it can exist in varying degrees and is specific to each individual and his/her situation.
What is holistic health?
Emotional, Mental, Spiritual, Social, Physical, Sexual in center circle.
Societal health in another circle
Environmental health encompassing them all
According to the Bio-medical model of health, how is disease generated and the human body views?
- Disease is generated by specific etiological agents which leads to changes in the body’s structure and function.
- The human body is viewed as a machine (if a part malfunctions it can be repaired or replaced)
According to the Bio-medical model of health, how does the mind and body function and how is health seen?
The mind and body function independently (duality of mind & body).
- Health is seen in terms of the absence of disease.
What is the Bio-medical model of health based on and what does it focus on?
Based on scientific rationality (emphasis on objective, numerical measurement and an emphasis on physical and chemical data.
It focuses on treating disease and risk-taking among individuals.
How does ill-health result according to the social model of health and how is illness and sickness detected?
- Ill-health is caused by a combination of biological (eg. genetic predisposition), social (poverty) and psychological factors (eg anxiety, depression)
- Illness and sickness (subjective feelings and perceptions of dis-ease) are not necessary detected by biochemical indicators
The social model locates people…
The social model locates people in their social context and understand ill health as a process of interaction between people and their environments
What does the social model of health focus on?
The social model focuses on societal factors that are risk imposing or illness inducing (for example, toxic pollution, stressful work, discrimination, and peer pressure etc).
What key social stratification factors and environmental factors influence development of coronary heart disease?
- Social stratification factors
Socioeconomic group
Gender
Age
Ethnicity - Environmental factors
Housing
Environment
Access to health services
Access to leisure facilities
What key lifestyle factors and physiological factors influence development of coronary heart disease?
- Lifestyle factors
Diet
Smoking
Physical activity
Psychosocial factors (eg stress) - Physiological factors
Blood cholesterol
Blood pressure
Obesity
What is health promotion?
The process of enabling people to increase control over the determinants of health and thereby improve their health (WHO, 1998)
What is health education?
Planned opportunities for people to learn about health and make changes in their behaviour (Naidoo and Wills, 2009)
What is distinctive about health promotion?
What is distinctive about health promotion is the attention that it gives to the facilitation of healthy lives: the idea that it is no good just telling people that they should change their lifestyles without also altering their social, economic and ecological environments (Bunton et al., 2005)
Describe Tannahil’s model of health promotion
Consists of three overlapping spheres of activity.
First sphere - Health education: Communication to enhance well-being by improving knowledge and attitudes.
Second sphere - Health promotion: Reducing or avoiding the risk of diseases and ill-health.
Third sphere - Health protection: Safeguarding health through legislative , financial or social measures.
What are the key questions that guide the selection of methods for health education?
- What learning is required?
- Who is the target (group)?
- How large is the group?
- What are the contextual factors?
What is (health) learning?
Learning has been defined as a relatively permanent change in capability or disposition.
What areas might learning involve change in?
- Knowledge and understanding
- Ways of thinking
- Beliefs
- Values
- Attitudes
- Acquisition or development of skills (psychomotor, social interaction and problem solving or decision making)
Give the classification/domains of learning
- Cognitive – concerned with knowledge and beliefs
- Affective – concerned with values and feelings
- Conative – concerned with purposeful action and change
When is the term advocacy used?
It is used as a term in judicial systems in individual case work, for example in mental health, in policy making
How did Smithies and Webster (1998: 105) define advocacy?
Advocacy is about people speaking up for or acting on behalf of themselves, possibly with the support of another person/group or ‘advocate’. It is also about taking action to get something changed, in order to a take more control over our lives
How is advocacy viewed in the context of public health and health promotion?
Health advocacy in the context of public health and health promotion is used to describe a process of support for health programs and healthy public policy
What is the definition of advocacy from HP Glossary and what is the role of health professionals?
- A combination of individual and social actions designed to gain political commitment, policy support, social acceptance and systems support for a particular health goal or programme.
- Health professionals have a major responsibility to act as advocates for health at all levels of society”.
What is advocacy associated with? List the advocacy methods
Advocacy is associated with campaigning.
Advocacy methods can include:
- Individual case work
- Use of mass media/media advocacy
- Political lobbying
- Community mobilization
- Coalition building
