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SMP - MNE Exam 2 > Nutrition Module 8: Micronutrients Review > Flashcards

Nutrition Module 8: Micronutrients Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 lipid soluble vitamins?

A

ADEK

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2
Q

What is needed to digest lipid soluble vitamins?

A

Micelles

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3
Q

Out of the 4 lipid soluble vitamins, which one is poorly stored in the body?

A

Vitamin K: only last a few days

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4
Q

What can limit the absorption of lipid soluble vitamins?

A

Meal w/o fat

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5
Q

Vitamin A: sources? 6

A
  1. Sweet potatoes
  2. Carrots
  3. Green leafy veggies
  4. Eggs
  5. cheese
  6. Milk
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6
Q

Vitamin A: functions? 3

A
  1. Vision
  2. Immune function
  3. Growth
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7
Q

Vitamin A: deficiency? Common for who? 7

A
  1. Visual impairment and other occular symptoms
  2. Loss of appetite
  3. Susceptibility to infections
  4. Chronic skin xerosis
  5. Follicular hyperkeratosis with no bleeding
  6. Bitot’s spots
  7. Night blindness

Extremely common in children in underdeveloped countries

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8
Q

Vitamin A: toxicity? 4 + 1

A

RETINOL ONLY

  1. Liver and bone damage
  2. Vomiting
  3. Dry mucous membranes
  4. Headaches

+ Mutagenic potential of retinol during early pregnancy

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9
Q

Vitamin D: sources? 3

A
  1. Fortified milk/formula
  2. Fish
  3. Eggs

*Produced in sun-exposed skin

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10
Q

Vitamin D: functions? 4

A
  1. Growth regulation
  2. Immune function
  3. Calcium/Phosphorus absorption
  4. Bone health
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11
Q

Vitamin D: deficiency? Common for who? 11

A
  1. Rickets,
  2. Osteomalacia (softening of the bones)
  3. Osteoporosis
  4. Lax muscles
  5. Risk of falls
  6. Diminished calcium absorption and retention
  7. Cancer
  8. Bowed legs
  9. Epiphyseal enlargement of the wrists
  10. Craniotabes
  11. Thorax deformities
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12
Q

Vitamin D: toxicity? 2

A
  1. Brain damage in young infants

2. Calcification of arteries and other soft tissues

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13
Q

Vitamin E: sources? 3

A
  1. Vegetable oils
  2. Nuts and seeds
  3. Margarine
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14
Q

What is the natural form of Vitamin E? Bioavailability?

A

RRR-a-tocopherol: highly available

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15
Q

What does synthetic Vitamin E contain? Which ones ate bioavailable?

A

Equal amounts of 8 stereoisomers; only half (the 2-S forms) are highly bioavailable

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16
Q

Vitamin E: functions? 1

A
  1. Antioxidant in lipid-rich components
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17
Q

Vitamin E: deficiency? 2

A
  1. Peripheral neuropathy

2. Hemolysis

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18
Q

Vitamin E: toxicity? 2

A
  1. Bleeding

2. Hemorrhagic stroke

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19
Q

Vitamin K: sources? 4

A
  1. Cooked greens
  2. Green vegetables
  3. Canola and soybean oil
  4. Intestinal bacteria
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20
Q

Vitamin K: functions? 2

A
  1. Blood coagulation

2. Protein synthesis involved in mineralization (eg: involved in calcification inhibition)

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21
Q

Vitamin K: deficiency? 2

A
  1. Prolonged bleeding time/episodes

2. Purpura

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22
Q

Vitamin K: toxicity? 1

A
  1. Interferes with anticoagulant meds
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23
Q

What are fortified foods?

A

Foods with added nutrients

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24
Q

Are water soluble vitamins stored extensively?

A

NOPE except for B12

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25
Q

After how long can you tell you have a water soluble vitamin deficiency?

A

Few weeks

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26
Q

Vitamin C: sources? 2

A
  1. Fruits

2. Veggies

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27
Q

Vitamin C: functions? 5

A
  1. AA metabolism
  2. Bone/Teeth formation
  3. Collagen formation through proline and lysine hydroxylation
  4. Antioxidant for cell membranes
  5. Vitamin E regeneration
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28
Q

Vitamin C: deficiency? 11

A

SCURVY:

  1. Poor wound healing
  2. Bleeding of gums
  3. Perifollicular petechiae (broken capillaries)
  4. Cork-screw body hair
  5. Fatigue
  6. Pain
  7. Death
  8. Weakness, joint pain
  9. Subperiosteal bleeding
  10. Follicular hyperkeratosis with petechiae
  11. Splinter hemorrhages (nail bed)
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29
Q

Vitamin C: toxicity? 3

A
  1. Osmotic diarrhea
  2. Gastrointestinal disease
  3. Kidney stones (oxalate)
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30
Q

What are the 9 non-specific symptoms of folate deficiency?

A
  1. Loss of appetite
  2. Irritability*
  3. Hostility
  4. Diarrhea*
  5. Paranoia
  6. Forgetfulness
  7. Depression*
  8. Macrocytic anemia*
  9. Increased homocysteine blood concentration
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31
Q

What is the risk of folate deficiency in adults?

A

Cancer and CVD

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32
Q

What do polyglutamate folate serve as? Which kind?

A

Coenzyme that accept or donate 1 C units in :

  1. . Catabolism or interconversion of Met, His, Ser, and Gly (esp. homocysteine to cysteine)
  2. Choline synthesis and degradation
  3. Serotonin and epi synthesis

+ DNA SYNTHESIS

Fully reduced tetrahydrofolate

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33
Q

What are 8 good food sources of folate?

A
  1. Fresh dark leafy veggies
  2. Legumes
  3. Cereal
  4. Citrus fruits
  5. Organ meats
  6. Yeast
  7. Fortified grains
  8. Flour-based foods
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34
Q

Folate: toxicity? 2

A
  1. Masks B12 deficiency

2. Risk of tumors when taking supplements

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35
Q

What are the 9 water soluble vitamins?

A
  1. Vitamin C
  2. Folate
  3. Thiamin
  4. Riboflavin (B2)
  5. Niacin (B3)
  6. Pyridoxine (B6)
  7. Cobalamin (B12)
  8. Pantothenate
  9. Biotin
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36
Q

Thiamin: sources? 4

A
  1. Pork
  2. Meat substitutes
  3. Green peas
  4. Enriched grains
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37
Q

Thiamin: functions? 3

A
  1. Cofactor for alphaketoglutarate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, etc.
  2. Neuron function
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38
Q

Thiamin: deficiency? 3

2 at risk peeps?

A
  1. Dry Beri Beri
  2. Wet Beri Beri
  3. Muscle weakness
  4. Alcoholics
  5. Hyperemesis gravidarum (pregnancy complication)
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39
Q

What are the symptoms of Dry Beri Beri? 4

A
  1. Neuropathy
  2. Confusion
  3. Confabulation
  4. Demention
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40
Q

What are the symptoms of Wet Beri Beri? 2

A
  1. Heart failure

2. Edema

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41
Q

Thiamin: toxicity? 1

A

None

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42
Q

Riboflavin: sources? 3

A
  1. Milk
  2. Eggs
  3. Broccoli
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43
Q

Where is riboflavin absorbed?

A

Proximal small intestine

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44
Q

Which vitamin has a saturable transport uptake mechanism?

A

Riboflavin

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45
Q

How is riboflavin excreted?

A

Urine

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46
Q

Where is riboflavin stored? 3

A
  1. Liver
  2. Kidney
  3. Muscle
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47
Q

Riboflavin: functions? 1

A
  1. Catalyzes redox rxns
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48
Q

Riboflavin: deficiency? 9

A
  1. Edema
  2. Dermatitis
  3. Angular stomatitis (inflammation of mouth mucosa)
  4. Anemia
  5. Niacin deficiency
  6. B6 deficiency
  7. Impairs folate function
  8. Nasolabial seborrhea
  9. Angular cheilosis and stomatitis
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49
Q

What can riboflavin deficiency result from? 3

A
  1. Cancer
  2. Diabetes
  3. CVD
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50
Q

Riboflavin: toxicity? 1

A

None

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51
Q

Niacin: sources? 4

A
  1. Fortified dry cereal
  2. Beef
  3. Eggs
  4. Milk
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52
Q

Niacin: functions? 2

A
  1. Fuel metabolism

2. Synthesis/removal of many compounds

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53
Q

What is pellagra? 6 symptoms

Common in what peeps?

A

Deficiency of tryptophan and niacin:

  1. Weight loss
  2. Diarrhea
  3. Dermatitis
  4. Depression
  5. Dementia
  6. Death
  7. Scarlet-colored tongue
  8. Hyperpigmented skin

Alcoholics

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54
Q

Niacin: toxicity? 5

A
  1. Flushing
  2. GI things
  3. Liver dysfunction
  4. Glucose intolerance
  5. Ocular effects
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55
Q

Pyridoxine: sources? 6

A
  1. Meat
  2. Poultry
  3. Fish
  4. Corn
  5. Bananes
  6. Potatoes (sweet and normal)
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56
Q

Pyridoxine: functions? 2

A
  1. Transamination of AAs

2. Cofactor for many enzymes

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57
Q

Pyridoxine: deficiency? 8

A
  1. Slow growth
  2. Cerebral/Peripheral neuron damage
  3. Confusion
  4. Cheilosis (dry edges of mouth)
  5. Depression
  6. Microcytic anemia
  7. Glossitis (tongue soreness)
  8. Sideroblastic anemia, anisocytosis
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58
Q

Pyridoxine: toxicity? 1

A
  1. Sensory neuropathy
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59
Q

Cobalamin: sources? 4

A
  1. Meat
  2. Poultry
  3. Dairy
  4. Eggs

Only foods of animal origin

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60
Q

Cobalamin: functions? 3

A
  1. Cofactor for methionine synthase and L-methylmalonyl CoA

2. Conversion of homocysteine to methionine

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61
Q

Pantothenate: deficiency? 6

A
  1. Fatigue
  2. Depression
  3. Anemia
  4. Loss of hair color
  5. Infertility
  6. Impaired immune response
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62
Q

Cobalamin: deficiency? 4

A

SAME AS FOLATE +

  1. Neuropathy
  2. Depression
  3. Confusion
  4. Dementia
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63
Q

Cobalamin: toxicity? 1

A

None

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64
Q

Pantothenate: sources? 4

A
  1. Sweet potatoes
  2. Legumes
  3. Yogurt
  4. Chicken
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65
Q

What are the 3 precursors for the synthesis of CoA?

A
  1. Pantothenate
  2. Cysteine
  3. ATP
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66
Q

Pantothenate: functions? 1

A
  1. Acyl carrier protein in fatty acid synthase
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67
Q

What are the 6 functions of CoA?

A
  1. Fuel metabolism
  2. Protein modification
  3. Synthesis of fatty acids
  4. Phospholipids synthesis
  5. Cholesterol synthesis
  6. Steroid hormones
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68
Q

Pantothenate: toxicity? 1

A

None

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69
Q

Biotin: sources? 5

A
  1. Intestinal flora
  2. Cauliflower
  3. Soybeans
  4. Eggs
  5. Mushrooms
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70
Q

Biotin: function? 1

A

Coenzyme for carboxylases

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71
Q

Biotinidase function? 1

A

Absorption and recycling of protein-bound biotin

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72
Q

In what people is biotin deficiency seen?

A

People with biotinidase defect

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73
Q

Biotin: toxicity? 1

A

None

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74
Q

Where is pyridoxine stored?

A

Muscles

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75
Q

Overall, what are water soluble vitamins used for?

A

Cofactors for fuel metabolism

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76
Q

Are mineral/trace elements stored extensively?

A

YES (weeks storage)

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77
Q

Where are mineral/trace elements stored?

A
  1. Bone

2. Metalloproteins

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78
Q

What effects do trace elements cause in excess?

A

Severe toxic effects

79
Q

Iron: sources? 2 types: which one is better absorbed?

A
  1. 100% non-heme iron: fortified grains, legumes, broccoli

2. 40% heme iron: meat (BETTER ABSORBED)

80
Q

Iron: functions? 8

A
  1. O2 transport
  2. Respiration
  3. Antioxidant
  4. Hormone synthesis
  5. AA metabolism
  6. Lipid metabolism
  7. Vitamin A metabolism
  8. Sulfite metabolism
81
Q

Iron: deficiency? 6

A
  1. Microcytic, hypochromic anemia
  2. Cancerrisk
  3. Growth/Brain development delay
  4. Alter hair/nail texture
  5. Impaired immune function
  6. Angular cheilosis
82
Q

Which 2 deficiencies can cause microcytic anemia?

A
  1. Pyridoxine

2. Iron

83
Q

What 5 deficiencies have increased cancer risk?

A
  1. Vitamin D
  2. Riboflavin
  3. Folate
  4. Iron
  5. Zinc
84
Q

What are the 4 inhibitors of iron absorption?

A
  1. Phytates
  2. Polyphenols
  3. Oxalate
  4. Competing nutrients: Ca2+. Zn2+, Mg2+
85
Q

Iron: toxicity?

A
  1. Skin discoloration
  2. Cirrhosis
  3. Hepatosplenomegaly
  4. Cardiomyopathy
86
Q

What compounds can enhance iron absorption? Eg?

What trace element shares some of the absorption mechanisms?

A

Organic acids (Vitamin C)

Iron

87
Q

What is the leading cause of poisoning in kids?

A

Accidental iron overdose

88
Q

Copper: sources? 4

A
  1. Chicken
  2. Chocolate
  3. Beans
  4. Instant cereal
89
Q

Copper: functions? 5

A
  1. Cofactor for cytochrome c
  2. Cofactor for superoxide dismutase
  3. Iron metabolism
  4. Catecholamine formation
  5. Cross-linking of collagen and elastin
90
Q

Copper: deficiency? 5

A
  1. Impaired brain function
  2. Impaired vascular/bone integrity
  3. Impaired metabolic control
  4. Neutropenia
  5. Sideroblastic anemia, anisocytosis
91
Q

Copper: toxicity?

A
  1. Liver damage

2. DNA damage

92
Q

Zinc: sources? 4

A
  1. Milk
  2. Meat
  3. Yogurt
  4. Beans
93
Q

Zinc: functions? 7

A
  1. Constituents of 300+ enzymes: Cell growth and division, DNA replication, gene transcription, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis
  2. Immune health
  3. Wound healing
  4. Increases folate absorption
  5. Antioxidant
  6. Modulates insulin activity
94
Q

Zinc: deficiency? 13

A
  1. Growth retardation via decreased appetitie
  2. Delayed wound healing
  3. Immune dysfunction
  4. Skin lesions
  5. General malnutrition
  6. Anemia
  7. Cognitive impairment
  8. Delayed sexual maturation
  9. Hypogonadism
  10. Impaired taste
  11. Decreased appetite
  12. Cancer risk
  13. White spots on nails = leukonychia
  14. Night blindness
95
Q

Zinc: toxicity? 4

A
  1. Interfers with copper and iron absorption
  2. GI irritation with vomiting
  3. Anemia
  4. CNS disturbance
96
Q

Calcium: sources? 7

A
  1. Dairy
  2. Calcium-fortified juice
  3. Cereal
  4. Tofu
  5. Chinese cabbage
  6. Kale
  7. Broccoli
97
Q

What does maximum absorption of calcium by the small intestine depend on?

A

Adequate vitamin D

98
Q

What 2 nutrients consumed in high amounts can greatly reduce calcium uptake by the small intestine?

A
  1. Oxalate

2. Phosphate

99
Q

Calcium: functions? 4

A
  1. Intracellular hormone-like signaling
  2. Neurotransmission
  3. Regulation of cell growth and differentiation
  4. Blood clotting
100
Q

What groups of people are at risk for calcium deficiency? 2

A
  1. Vegans

2. Those who do not eat dairy

101
Q

What does fractional calcium absorption mean?

A

Calcium absorption efficiency

102
Q

When does higher fractional calcium absorption occur? How does it evolve over time?

A

Infancy and gradually declines with age

103
Q

Selenium: sources? 4

A
  1. Seafood
  2. Meat
  3. Grains
  4. Nuts
104
Q

Selenium: functions?3

A
  1. ROS protection (glutathione peroxidase cofactor)
  2. TH action regulation
  3. Regulation of redox status of Vitamin C
105
Q

What disease is associated with selenium deficiency?

A

Keshan disease = cardiomyopathy in China

106
Q

Does selenium deficiency cause any symptoms?

A

NOPE

107
Q

What can selenium deficiency increase the risk of?

A

Certain cancers

108
Q

Selenium: toxicity? 6

A
  1. Hair/Nail brittleness and loss
  2. GI disturbances
  3. Skin rash
  4. Fatigue
  5. Irritability
  6. NS abnormalities
109
Q

Potassium: rich sources? 4

A
  1. Fruits
  2. Veggies
  3. Fresh meats
  4. Milk
110
Q

Potassium: functions? 5

A
  1. Body water distribution
  2. Acid/Base balance
  3. Membrane transport and polarization
  4. Neuromuscular and cardiac function
  5. Protects against high BP
111
Q

Vitamin K: what can cause deficiency?

A

Diuretics and other medications can increase losses and oral antibiotics can kill digestive bacteria that produce it

112
Q

What can cause excess potassium? What does this lead to?

A

Kidney problems = cardiac arrest

113
Q

What can cause potassium and sodium deficiency?

A

Prolonged diarrhea or vomiting

114
Q

Magnesium: sources? 5

A
  1. Whole grains
  2. Legumes
  3. Nuts
  4. Dark green veggies
  5. Some fruit
115
Q

Magnesium: functions? 2

A
  1. Maintain normal BP

2. Needed for all reactions involving ATP

116
Q

Magnesium: deficiency? 5

A
  1. Increased BP
  2. Increased insulin resistance
  3. Accelerated atherosclerosis
  4. Arrhythmia
  5. Bone mineral loss
117
Q

Magnesium: toxicity? 1

A

Osmotic diarrhea with 350mg or more of non-food magnesium

118
Q

Sodium: sources? 5

A
  1. Processed foods
  2. Smoked foods
  3. Pickled foods
  4. Cured meets
  5. Condiments
119
Q

Sodium: functions? 4

A
  1. Extracellular volume regulation
  2. Osmotic fluid shifts
  3. RMP
  4. Co-transport across plasma membrane
120
Q

Sodium: toxicity? 1

A

HT in salt-sensitive peeps

121
Q

Chromium: sources? 7

A
  1. Brewer’s yeast
  2. Whole grains
  3. Wheat germ
  4. Broccoli
  5. Nuts
  6. Cheese
  7. Organ meats
122
Q

Chromium: functions? 2

A
  1. Binds to nuclear receptors to increase the number of initiation sites for RNS synthesis
  2. Enhances insulin sensitivity
123
Q

Chromium: deficiency? 2

A
  1. Impaired carb utilization

2. Increased insulin resistance

124
Q

Chromium: toxicity? What kind of chromium?

A

Chromium picolinate => ROS formation

125
Q

What is a trace element for which deficiency has never been observed?

A

Arsenic

126
Q

What are trace elements?

A

Metals needed in very small quantities

127
Q

Which 3 trace elements cause the worse toxicity effects?

A
  1. Iron
  2. Copper
  3. Selenium
128
Q

Which 3 minerals are stored in bone?

A
  1. Calcium
  2. Mg
  3. Phosphate
129
Q

Which is more common: copper toxicity or deficiency?

A

Toxicity

130
Q

What can increase the retention of calcium in bones?

A

Weight-bearing exercise

131
Q

What does the selenium content of food depend on?

A

Selenium content of the soil

132
Q

Phosphate: sources? 3

A
  1. Protein-rich foods
  2. Processed cheese
  3. Soda
133
Q

Which is more of an issue: phosphate deficiency or toxicity?

A

Toxicity

134
Q

Phosphate: functions? 3

A
  1. Energy metabolism and storage
  2. Buffer
  3. Anions in bones and teeth
135
Q

For what group of people is phosphate deficiency more common?

A

Elderly

136
Q

Phosphate: toxicity? 3

A
  1. Reduces intestinal calcium absorption
  2. Promotes calcium mobilization from bone
  3. Increases renal calcium loss
137
Q

Potassium: deficiency?

A
  1. Muscle cramps
  2. Heartbeat irregularity
  3. Confusion
  4. Loss of appetite
138
Q

Which group of people are most vulnerable to magnesium deficiency?

A

Elderly

139
Q

Which group of people are most vulnerable to chromium deficiency?

A

Elderly

140
Q

What are the 6 minerals/trace elements stored as part of metalloproteins?

A
  1. Iron
  2. Copper
  3. Zinc
  4. Iodine
  5. Selenium
  6. Molybdenum
141
Q

Choline: sources? 4

A
  1. Milk
  2. Eggs
  3. Peanuts
  4. Liver
142
Q

Choline: functions? 5

A
  1. Precursor for phospholipids
  2. Precursor for NT ACh
  3. Methyl donor via regeneration of homocysteine
  4. Membrane signaling
  5. Lipid/cholesterol transport/metabolism
143
Q

Choline: deficiency? 2

A
  1. Liver damage

2. Muscle damage

144
Q

Choline: toxicity? 5

A
  1. Hypotension
  2. Sweating
  3. Diarrhea
  4. Fishy body odor
  5. Promotion of tumor growth
145
Q

Carotenoids: sources? 5

A
  1. Leafy green vegetables
  2. Cantaloupe
  3. Tomatoes
  4. Sweet potato
  5. Carrots
146
Q

Carotenoids: functions? 1

A

AO

147
Q

Source of AO activity of carotenoids: from pro-vitamin A or no?

A

BOTH

148
Q

Carotenoids: deficiency? 1

A

Vitamin A deficiency only when intake of pre-formed vitamin A is inadequate

149
Q

Carotenoids: toxicity?

A
  1. Palms turn orange

2. Supplements cause increased cancer risk in smokers

150
Q

When is choline an essential nutrient?

A

Pregnancy and 1st year of life

151
Q

What amount of protein will provide all essential AAs in enough amounts?

A

0.8 g/kg

152
Q

What groups of people may require more proteins than normal? 3

A
  1. Elderly
  2. Athletes
  3. Premature babies
153
Q

Which AAs are important energy fuel for muscle?

A

Branched ones: valine, isoleucine and leucine

154
Q

Pro-vitamin A carotenoids: 3 examples and 2 functions?

A

Eg: beta/alpha-carotene, cryptoxanthin

  1. Vision (RETINAL)
  2. Growth (RETINOL/RETINOIC ACID)
155
Q

3 examples of non-provitamin A carotenoids?

A
  1. Lycopene
  2. Lutein
  3. Zeaxanthin
156
Q

What are the 3 potential nutritional deficiency when pallor is noticed?

A
  1. Iron
  2. Folate
  3. Vitamin B12
157
Q

What is the potential nutritional deficiency when ascites is noticed?

A

Protein

158
Q

What are the 2 potential nutritional deficiencies when peripheral subcutaneous tissue edema is noticed?

A
  1. Protein

2. Thiamin

159
Q

What is the potential nutritional deficiency when myxedema is noticed?

A

Iodine

160
Q

What is myxedema?

A

Puffy eyes, non-pitting edema

161
Q

What are the 2 potential nutritional deficiencies when goiter is noticed?

A
  1. Iodine

2. Selenium

162
Q

What are the 5 potential nutritional deficiency when impaired wound healing or pressure ulcer is noticed?

A
  1. Energy
  2. Protein
  3. Vitamin C
  4. Vitamin A
  5. Trace elements
163
Q

in a child presenting with failure to thrive, you should assess for which dietary components?

A
  1. Energy
  2. Protein
  3. Vitamins
  4. Trace elements
164
Q

Niacin: deficiency? 2

A
  1. Local hyperpigmentation w/o UV exposure

2. Icthyosis

165
Q

What 4 nutrient deficiencies can cause koilonychia = spoon nails?

A
  1. Iron
  2. Zinc
  3. Copper
  4. Protein
166
Q

What nutritional deficiencies cause banded hair-color variation?

A

Protein/energy

167
Q

What 7 nutritional deficiencies be caused by glossitis = beeffy red tongue?

A
  1. Energy
  2. Protein
  3. Riboflavin
  4. Iron
  5. Vitamin B12
  6. Folate
  7. Niacin
168
Q

What deficiency causes magenta tongue?

A

Riboflavin

169
Q

What deficiency causes scarlet, raw tongue?

A

Niacin

170
Q

What deficiency causes swollen tongue with submucosal bleeding?

A

Vitamin C

171
Q

What deficiency causes pale, spongy, receding, bleeding gums?

A

Vitamin C

172
Q

What is pernicious anemia? What is it due to?

A

VB12 deficiency due to autoimmune attack on intrinsic factor or life-long lack of minimal intakes

173
Q

What is Beriberi due to? Symptoms?

A

Thiamin deficiency

Symptoms: cardiac or neural pathologies

174
Q

What does beriberi with edema point to?

A

Cardiac = wet Beriberi

175
Q

What are the 6 symptoms of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

A
  1. Polyneuropathy
  2. Oculomotor palsy
  3. Paresis
  4. Ataxia
  5. Confusion with confabulation
  6. Disorientation
176
Q

What is xerophtalmia due to? 3 symptoms?

A 
Vitamin A deficiency
Symptoms:
1. Bidot's spots
2. Corneal ulcers
3. Keratomalacia
177
Q

Deficiency of which 2 nutrients can cause angular cheilosis?

A
  1. Riboflavin

2. Iron

178
Q

What is the alarm threshold for folate deficiency?

A

Fewer than 3 servings of folate rich foods

179
Q

What is the alarm threshold for Vitamin B6 deficiency?

A

Fewer than 3 servings of VB6 rich foods

180
Q

What is the alarm threshold for Vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Fewer than 1 serving of VB12 rich foods

181
Q

What is the alarm threshold for Vitamin E deficiency?

A

People who avoid oils, fats, nuts, and seeds

182
Q

What is the alarm threshold for Vitamin C deficiency?

A

Fewer than 1 serving of VC rich foods

183
Q

What is the alarm threshold for Carotenoids deficiency?

A

Fewer than 1 serving of carotenoids rich foods

184
Q

What is the alarm threshold for calcium deficiency?

A

Fewer than 2 servings of calcium rich foods

185
Q

Which 3 nutrients should also be evaluated together?

A
  1. Calcium
  2. Vitamin D
  3. Phosphate
186
Q

What is the alarm threshold for Vitamin D deficiency?

A

Fewer than 2 servings of VD rich foods and less than 15 min in sun

187
Q

What is the alarm threshold for phosphate excess intake?

A

MORE than 5 servings of phosphate rich foods

188
Q

What is the alarm threshold for thiamin deficiency?

A

Avoids pork, tuna, meat substitutes and gets fewer than 3 servings of grains

189
Q

What is the alarm threshold for riboflavin deficiency?

A

Fewer than 3 servings of thiamin rich foods

190
Q

What is the alarm threshold for excess protein?

A

More than 1 oz per 10 lbs

191
Q

What nutrient can only be absorbed along with fat?

A

Vitamin D

192
Q

What is Kwashiorkor?

A

Sufficient calories but insufficient proteins leading to:

  1. Abdominal edema due to low serum album causing a decrease in oncotic pressure
  2. Slowed growth because reduced GH and TH
  3. Recurrent infections due to lack of immunoglobulins and other immune cells (often diarrhea)
  4. Apathy and weakness due
  5. Pale nail beds
  6. Reddish easily plucked hair
  7. Low hematocrit
  8. Low K+ due to high aldosterone and diarrhea
193
Q

Why would providing food to a child with Kwashiorkor cause diarrhea?

A

Because the bolus of chyme triggers GI tract contractions worsening the diarrhea

194
Q

What is Marasmus?

A

Insufficient calories AND proteins = muscle wasting and emaciation

SMP - MNE Exam 2 (17 decks)

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