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SMP - MNE Exam 2 > Nutrition Module 11: CVD - Lipoproteins > Flashcards

Nutrition Module 11: CVD - Lipoproteins Flashcards

1
Q

Where do most of the FAs in the body come from?

A

Dietary fat

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2
Q

What are the 3 atherogenic lipoproteins?

A
  1. Chylomicron remnants
  2. LDLs
  3. VLDL remnants
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3
Q

What are the 3 non-atherogenic lipoproteins?

A
  1. Chylomicrons
  2. HDLs
  3. VLDLs
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4
Q

What do people who cannot produce chylomicrons due to genetic defects usually suffer from? Why? Treatment?

A

Neuropathy because neurons lack vitamin E

Treatment: VE injections or oral doses that are thousand fold higher than normal

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5
Q

Describe the route of chylomicrons (5 stops)

A
  1. Lungs
  2. Muscles
  3. Adipose tissue
  4. Hepatic artery
  5. Liver
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6
Q

How fast are chylomicrons cleared from the bloodstream? What determines the rate of clearance?

A

Few hours

Genetics and dietary habits (high/low-fat)

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7
Q

How does the amount of fat eaten in a typical american meal affect the rate of clearance of chylomycrons? How does this affect atherosclerosis risks?

A

The amount of fat saturates the clearance pathway which prolongs their circulation causing increased atherosclerosis risks

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8
Q

What is an independent risk factor of CVD?

A

Elevation of serum TAGs

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9
Q

What can high TAGs be caused by?

A
  1. Obesity
  2. Lack of PA
  3. High carbs
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10
Q

What 3 molecules do VLDLs transport?

A
  1. TAGs
  2. Cholesterol
  3. Vitamin E
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11
Q

Which is faster: chylomicrons or VLDL TAG hydrolysis?

A

Chylomicron

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12
Q

What is the main difference between chylomicron and VLDL remnants?

A

Chylomicron remnants are all cleared by receptor-mediated endocytosis vs only half of VLDL remnants are cleared like this

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13
Q

Which have longer half-lives: chylomicrons or VLDLs?

A

VLDLs

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14
Q

What is fatty liver? What is it caused by?

A

Chronic alcohol abuse impairs the liver from exporting excess TAGs via VLDLs = TAGs accumulate

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15
Q

What is the half-life of LDLs?

A

Few weeks

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16
Q

Which lipoproteins mediate the transport of cholesterol from arterial walls into the liver?

A

HDLs

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17
Q

2 components of LDLs?

A
  1. Cholesterol

2. Vitamin E

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18
Q

What is cellular LDL cholesterol uptake regulated for?

A

To ensure adequate supply of cholesterol for the synthesis of membranes, hormones, and other critical compounds

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19
Q

What causes slowed LDL uptake?

A

Cells have enough cholesterol => fewer receptors are expressed especially on liver => LDL receptor down-regulation

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20
Q

How does dietary cholesterol intake affect the liver? What is the net effect?

A

Down-regulation of liver LDL receptors = high serum LDL = harder for liver to excrete as bile

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21
Q

Which cells have the highest LDL receptor activity?

A

Adrenal gland cells

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22
Q

Does the liver have to convert cholesterol into bile acids before it goes into bile?

A

NOPE

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23
Q

What kinds of FAs can lower LDLs?

A

Polyunsaturated FAs (eg: omega-3 FAs)

24
Q

What kinds of FAs can increase LDLs?

A

Saturated and trans FAs

25
Q

What kinds of FAs have no effect on LDL levels?

A

Monounsaturated FAs

26
Q

What are the 4 factors that influence LDL levels?

A
  1. Genes
  2. Body weight
  3. PA
  4. Diet
27
Q

By what % can lifestyle changes reduce excessive LDL levels?

A

20-40%

28
Q

Other than polyunsaturated FAs, what 5 other foods can lower LDL levels?

A
  1. Viscous dietary fiber
  2. Soy protein
  3. Plant stanols and sterols
  4. Antioxidants
  5. Flavonoids
29
Q

What 4 foods are viscous fibers found in?

A
  1. Oats
  2. Barley
  3. Legumes
  4. Fruits
30
Q

What 4 foods are plant stanols/sterols in?

A
  1. Nuts
  2. Seeds
  3. Vegetable oils
  4. Margarine
31
Q

What 4 foods are flavonoids in?

A
  1. Fruits
  2. Vegetables
  3. Wine
  4. Tea
32
Q

What are 2 viscous fibers?

A
  1. Pectin

2. Beta-glucan

33
Q

What is a genetic factor that increases responsiveness to dietary cholesterol?

A

Apolipoprotein E4

34
Q

What kind of FA is myristic FA?

A

Saturated FA

35
Q

How does the raise in LDL due to saturated FAs compare to the lowering in LDL due to polyunsaturated FAs?

A

Raise is bigger

36
Q

What are polyunsaturated FAs susceptible to? What does this cause?

A

Peroxidation making them more atherogenic and causing a chain of free radical and lipid hydroperoxide synthesis

37
Q

Which lipoproteins are most susceptible to peroxidation? Why?

A

LDLs because of high polyunsaturated FA content

38
Q

Why do some people with excess iron stores have increased CVD and cancer risks?

A

Because the generation of most toxic free radicals is catalyzed by free Fe Copper

39
Q

What happens to oxidized LDLs?

A

They are no longer recognized by their normal receptors but bind to the scavenger receptor on macrophages (which become foam cells) and other cells to promote atherosclerosis

40
Q

What can explain why antioxidants in fruits and veggies are more effective than those in supplements in preventing disease? 1 example?

A

Because antioxidants are interdependent and complimentary

Eg: ascorbic acid regenerates alpha-tocopherol inhibiting it from becoming a pro-oxidant

41
Q

What are normal HDL levels?

A

40 and above in men

50 and above in women

42
Q

What are the 4 main functions of HDLs?

A
  1. Transfer apoC-II and apoE to chylomicrons and VLDLs to regulate them
  2. Take up cholesterol and phospholipids from VLDLs and LDLs
  3. Remove cholesterol from tissues
43
Q

What are the 2 types of factors influencing HDL levels?

A
  1. Constitutional factors

2. Lifestyle factors

44
Q

What are the 3 constitutional factors of HDL levels?

A
  1. Sex: women have higher levels
  2. Genes
  3. Hormonal status: decrease after menopause
45
Q

What are the 3 lifestyle factors of HDL levels?

A
  1. PA
  2. Weight
  3. Alcohol (moderate intake increases HDL)
46
Q

What are the primary prevention guidelines for CVD?

A
  1. Maintain healthy weight
  2. Sat fat intake below 10% of calories and low trans fats
  3. Cholesterol intake below 300 mg/day
  4. 2 servings of fish/week
  5. Fruits/veggies
  6. Whole grains and high fiber foods
  7. Salt intake below 6g aka 2300 mg
  8. Alcohol limits to 2 a day for men and 1 for women
  9. Limited foods/drinks with added sugar
47
Q

What are the 2 FAs with the greatest cholesterol-raising potential? Foods high in these?

A

Myristic and palmitic acid in butter, whole milk, cream and high-fat cheeses

48
Q

Which affect serum cholesterol levels the most: types of FAs consumed or dietary cholesterol?

A

Types of FAs

49
Q

Which have more unsaturated FAs: liquid or solid fats?

A

Liquid oils

50
Q

Which lipoprotein delivers dietary cholesterol to the liver?

A

Chylomicron remnants

51
Q

What are the most reversible vascular lesions?

A

Fatty streaks

52
Q

Can carbs increase LDL levels?

A

NOPE

53
Q

What will usually raise LDL levels?

A

Excessive VLDLs

54
Q

What can raise VLDL levels?

A

Reduced fat intake because VLDLs are needed to transport TAGs and cholesterol within the body

55
Q

What is cholestasis? What is it caused by?

A

Stopped bile flow caused by absence of CKK

SMP - MNE Exam 2 (17 decks)

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