Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SMP - MNE Exam 2 > Nutrition Module 10: CVD - HT and Other Risk Factors > Flashcards

Nutrition Module 10: CVD - HT and Other Risk Factors Flashcards

1
Q

What does BP refer to? What are the 2 factors that contribute to it?

A

Mean arterial pressure:

  1. Cardiac output
  2. Systemic vascular resistance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Common presentation of HT?

A

Normal cardiac output

with systemic vascular resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What 3 factors can affect systemic vascular resistance? Does each increase or decrease it?

A
  1. Norepi (as an NT and circulating hormone): INCREASE
  2. NO: DECREASE
  3. Elasticity loss with aging: INCREASE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 8 risk factors of HT?

A
  1. Obesity
  2. DM
  3. Age above 65
  4. Low SES
  5. Sedentary lifestyle
  6. Ethnicity = AA or hispanic
  7. Alcohol abuse
  8. Family history
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What % of americans have elevated BP or are taking meds for it?

A

33%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does BP increase the risk for CVD?

A

CVD risk increases doubles for each 20/10 increment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How can diet modifications lower BP?

A

By more than 20/10 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

By how much is the risk of stroke increased for people with untreated HT?

A

2-3x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 5 criteria to make a metabolic syndrome diagnosis? How many of these need to be met?

A

3 out of the 5:

  1. Elevated waist circumference
  2. High TAGs
  3. Low HDLs
  4. High BP
  5. High FBG
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is another name for metabolic syndrome? What can this other name also refer to though?

A

Syndrome X

Can refer to a problem with heart rate regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What diseases are metabolic syndrome closely associated with?

A

T2DM and CVD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 underlying contributing factors of metabolic syndrome?

A
  1. Obesity
  2. Insulin resistance
  3. Sedentary lifestyle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What 4 minerals play an important role in HT?

A
  1. Na
  2. Ca
  3. K
  4. Mg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does it mean for someone to be salt-sensitive? What % of HT patients are salt-sensitive?

A

Their BP responds to dietary salt intake

50-60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the definition of HT Stages 1 and 2? Note?

A

STAGE 1: 140-159/90-99

STAGE 2: 160+/100+

Note: numbers can be higher averaged over 2 or more visits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What 8 factors increase the effect of NaCl restriction on BP?

A
  1. Older peeps
  2. AAs
  3. High BP
  4. Genes
  5. Obesity
  6. Renal abnormalities
  7. Abnormal RAA system
  8. Low renin or slow renin response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How much does the typical American diet provide in sodium? What is the recommended intake?

A

2,300-4,700 mg

Rec: below 2,300 mg/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where does most of the sodium in the american diet come from? %?

A

Food processing: 75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How much salt intake is consumed while cooking/eating?

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How much Na does table salt contain?

A

40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

By how much is BP decreased on average if following rec Na intake? How does this reduce CVD risk?

A

Reduces systolic BP 2-8 mmHg: 5-20% decrease in CVD risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does excessive salt intake impact cancer risks?

A

Increase stomach cancer risks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How many mmol does 2300 g of Na correspond to?

A

100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does K+ affect BP? How? How can you fix this?

A

Hypokalemia = renin secretion = vasoconstriction = higher BP

Eat more potassium in fruits, veggies, fresh meats, and milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What meds can cause K+ depletion? What other deficiency do they cause? Why?

A

Diuretic meds

Also thiamin deficiency because increased losses with urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How does Ca2+ affect BP?

A

Deficiency causes high BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How many servings of calcium rich food should you have each day to lower BP?

A

2-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Can you just take supplements for the minerals that help with HT?

A

NOPE, not the same effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How does Mg2+ affect BP?

A

Deficiency causes high BP

30
Q

How does alcohol affect HT?

A
  1. Increased mean arterial pressure
  2. Resistance to HT therapy
  3. Increased stroke risks
31
Q

What 6 cancer risks are higher with high alcohol intake?

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Esophagus
  3. Pharynx
  4. Larynx
  5. Liver
  6. Breasts
32
Q

What are the 2 proposed mechanisms for why obesity increases HT risk?

A
  1. Increases salt-sensitivity

2. Hyperinsulemia causes Na retention and catecholamine release

33
Q

What is an independent risk factor of HT?

A

Obesity

34
Q

Is weight loss as effective for lowering BP as first-line meds?

A

YUP

35
Q

How much exercise to lower BP?

A

3-4 times/week for 40 min each

36
Q

What kind of effect do caffeine and omega-3 FAs have on BP?

A

Minor effects

37
Q

By how much will the BP be lowered for every 10 kg = 22 lbs lost?

A

5-20 points

38
Q

By how much is HT risk increased for obese people?

A

2-6x

39
Q

Why are the 5 lifestyle interventions for HT?

A
  1. Lose weight as appropriate
  2. Regular aerobic PA
  3. DASH eating pattern to obtain adequate K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+
  4. Restrict Na
  5. Limit alcohol to 1 drink day for women and 2 for men
40
Q

What is the DASH eating pattern?

A

High fruits and veggies (9 servings/day) and low-fat dairy

41
Q

Should the 5 lifestyle changes for HT be done if drug therapy is indicated?

A

YUP

42
Q

BP for prehypertension?

A

Systolic: 120-139
Diastolic: 80-89

43
Q

Normal BP?

A

STAGE 1: Systolic: below 120

Diastolic: below 80

44
Q

What is the treatment for prehypertension?

A

Lifestyle modifications

45
Q

What is the treatment for HT Stage 1 and 2?

A

Lifestyle modifications + drugs

46
Q

How often should one eat cold water fish to cut the chances of dying from stroke in half?

A

1/week

47
Q

What are 6 cold water fish?

A
  1. Salmon
  2. Trout
  3. Herring
  4. Mackerel
  5. Sardines
  6. Halibut
48
Q

How many grams a day should patients with established heart disease eat omega-3 FAs?

A

1g/day

49
Q

What are the 5 reasons for omega-3 FAs to reduce CVD risks?

A
  1. Reduce TAGs
  2. Moderate tachychardia and arrhythmia
  3. Inhibit platelet aggregation
  4. Lower BP
  5. Prevent plaque formation in coronary artieries
50
Q

What are the main 3 differences between omega 3 and omega 6 eicosanoids?

A
  1. Omega 3 more vasconstrictive
  2. Omega 6 more immunosuppressive
  3. Omega 6 induce platelet aggregation
51
Q

What leads to platelet aggregation? 2 factors

A

Cytokine secretion by cells in vascular lesions

  1. Chronic
  2. Acute (catecholamines)
52
Q

How does factor VII affect CVD risk? What causes this?

A

High fat intake = high factor VII = high blood coagulation cascade = increased CVD risk

53
Q

How does Vitamin K play a role in coagulation?

A

A lot of the proteins in the coagulation cascade are vitamin K dependent

54
Q

Where do we get our Vitamin K from?

A
  1. Intestinal bacteria

2. Diet

55
Q

What can cause Vitamin K deficiency?

A

Oral antibiotics

56
Q

What drugs are given to patients with high risk for thrombosis? Who are these patients?

A

Patients with mitral valve damage or artificial heart valves: coumadins = VK antagonists like warfarin

57
Q

What should coumadin treatment be accompanied by?

A

NORMAL/CONSTANT Vitamin K intake

58
Q

How does vitamin K affect CVD risk?

A
  1. Low Vitamin K best to reduce coagulation and thrombosis risks
  2. Vitamin K necessary to control arterial calcification
59
Q

What 2 factors often combine to cause increased homocysteine levels?

A
  1. Genetic variant of an enzyme in homocysteine metabolism

2. Lack of folate, B6, B12, or riboflavin

60
Q

Is there evidence that homocysteine lowering interventions with vitamin supplements prevent CVD events?

A

NOPE

61
Q

Which is more bioavailable: synthetic or natural folate?

A

Synthetic

62
Q

What is the form of naturally occurring folate?

A

Folylpolyglutamate

63
Q

What is the form of synthetic folate?

A

Free folic acid

64
Q

How is homocysteine generated in the body?

A

Methionine => SAM => s-adenosylhomocysteine + methylated compound => homocysteine

65
Q

How are homocysteine concentrations kept low?

A
  1. Methyl transferase: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate + homocysteine + B12 => tetrahydrofolate + methionine
  2. Cystathionine beta-synthase: homocysteine + B6 + serine => cystathionine + B6 => cysteine + alpha-ketoglutarate + NH4+
66
Q

What are the 5 toxic effects of homocysteine in tissues and blood?

A
  1. Endothelial cell damage
  2. Cholesterol oxidation
  3. Oxidation of apolipoproteins: more atherogenic
  4. Platelet adhesion and aggregation
  5. NO scavenging = inhibition of vascular motility
67
Q

How does NO react with homocysteine to increase CVD risks?

A

They react together = s-nitrosohomocysteine =NO availability decreased = decreased vasodilation + lack of NO in platelets: promotion of venous and arterial thrombosis

68
Q

How is NO synthesized in endothelial cells?

A

NO synthase: arginine => citrulline + NO

69
Q

How can bleeding related to antiobiotic use be prevented?

A

Consumption of cooked greens and green veggies

70
Q

Other than homocysteine what else can interfere with NO?

A

Oxidized lipids and lipoproteins

71
Q

How can serum [K+] affect BP?

A
  1. High K+: increase BP through RAA system

2. Low K+: increases BP through renin and vasoconstriction

SMP - MNE Exam 2 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions