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POD Test 3 > Nutrition Lecture > Flashcards

Nutrition Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Macronutrients?

A

Carbs/Sugars
Amino acids
Fatty acids and lipids

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2
Q

Micronutrients?

A

Vitamins
Minerals
Water

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3
Q

Adequate diet?

A

Energy (carbs, fats, proteins)
Essential/Nonessential amino acids and fatty acids (building blocks for synthesis of structural and functional proteins and lipids)
Vitamins and minerals (coenzymes and hormones in metabolic pathways - calcium and phosphate)

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4
Q

Dietary Essentials?

A

Not produced by the body
Provided by diet
- Phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, lysine

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5
Q

Dietary nonessentials?

A

Synthesized by body

- Glycine, serine, aspartic acid

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6
Q

Nutrient deficiencies?

A

Developing: Common undernutrition or protein-energy malnutrition
Industrialized: dietary impropriety can cause: atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes, hypertension

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7
Q

Primary malnutrition?

A

One or all of the components are missing

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8
Q

Secondary or conditional malnutrition?

A

Supply of nutrients is adequate

Malnutrition occurs: nutrient malabsorption, impaired nutrient use of storage, excess nutrient losses, increased need

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9
Q

Reasons for deficiencies?

A 
Poverty
Infections
Acute and chronic illnesses
Ignorance and failure of diet supps
Chronic alcoholism (thiamine, pyridoxine, folate, vit A)
Self imposed: anorexia, bulimia
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10
Q

Nutritional Disorders

A

Protein-energy malnutrition
Anorexia or Bulimia
Vitamin Deficiencies
Mineral Deficiencies

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11
Q

Protein-Energy Malnutrition

A

Low body weight, fat storage and reduced plasma proteins
Determined by BMI
Children- loss of skeletal muscles and subq fat
25% in developing
High death rate among children >5 yo

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12
Q

Marasmus

A

Somatic protein compartment
- Severe reduction in caloric intake
60% reduction in weight

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13
Q

Kwashiorkor

A 
Visceral protein compartment
Protein deprivation
African kids: weaned too early bc of another kid, receive exclusively carb diet
Muscle and fat are not effected
Causes fatty liver
- Hypoalbuminemia + generalized edema
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14
Q

Consequences of Marasmus

A 
Loss of muscle 
Growth retardation
Subq fat used as fuel
Head appears too large
Anemia, multivitamin deficiences
Immune deficiency
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15
Q

Related disease to kwashiorkor

A 
Nephrotic syndrome
Damaged kidneys
After extensive burns
Enteropathies after protein loss
Non absorption of proteins because of chronic diarrhea
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16
Q

Anorexia

A

Self induced starvation
Similar to PEM consequences
Permanent effects of system
Amenorrhea: decreased secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone
Cold intolerance, bradycardia, constipation, change in skin and hair, decreased bone density, postmenopausal

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17
Q

Bulemia

A

Individual binges and pukes
Amenorrhea (less than 50%)
Medical complications: electrolyte imbalance (cardiac arrhythmias), pulmonary aspiration of gastric content, esophagel and cardiac rupture

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18
Q

Vitamin deficiencies

A

4 fat soluble
- more readily stored, poorly absorbed in GI of fat malabsorption
9 water soluble

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19
Q

Fat soluble

A

A
D
E
K

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20
Q

A

A

visual pigment and cell proliferation

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21
Q

D

A

Facilitates intestinal Ca and K absorption and bone mineralization
- synthesized endogenously

22
Q

E

A

Antioxidant and radical scavenger

23
Q

K

A

Cofactor in hepatic carboxylation of pro-coagulants –> bleeding disorders
- synthesized endogenously

24
Q

Water soluble

A 
B1
B2
Niacin
B6
B12
C
Folic Acid
Pantothenic acid
Biotin
25
Q

B1

A

Thiamine

Pyrophosphate

26
Q

B2

A

Riboflavin

Flavin nucleotides

27
Q

Niacin

A

Incorporate into nicotinamide adenine nucleotides (redox rxn)
- synthesized endogenously

28
Q

B6

A

Pyridoxine

Derivatives serve as coenzymes in rxns

29
Q

B12

A

Required for folate metabolism and DNA synthesis

30
Q

C

A

Serves in many redox rxns and hydroxylation of collagen

31
Q

Folic acid

A

Essential cofactor for nucleic acid synthesis

32
Q

Pantothenic acid

A

CoA

33
Q

Biotin

A

Carboxylation rxns

- synthesized endogenously

34
Q

Zinc deficiency

A

Oxidases

  • rash around eyes, mouth, nose, and anus
  • anorexia and diarrhea
  • growth retardation
35
Q

Iron deficiency

A

Hemoglobin

- anemia

36
Q

Iodine deficiency

A

Thryoid hormone

- goiter and hypothyroidism

37
Q

Copper deficiency

A

CytochromE C oxidase
- Muscle weakness
Neurologic defects

38
Q

Fluoride deficiency

A

Dental caries

39
Q

Selenium deficiency

A

Glutathione peroxidase and antioxidant

- Cardiomyopathy

40
Q

Obesity

A

Sedentary lifestyle, socioexconomic conditions, availability of processed, high calorie foods, soft drinks

  • BMI, skin fold measurement, body circumference (hip to waste)
  • Increased morbidity and mortality
  • Prevention and management
41
Q

BMI

A

703* (weight/ht^2)
25 normal
25-29.9 overweight
30+ obese

42
Q

Central/visceral obesity

A

Accumulates fat in trunk and abs

- Higher risk of several diseases

43
Q

Obesity etiology and definition

A

Genetic, environmental, psychological

  • Disorder of energy balance; when food-derived energy exceeds energy expenditure, the excess calories are stored as TGs in fat tissue
    • Intake vs expenditure
44
Q

Energy expenditure

A

Basal energy expenditure
Thermic effect of food
Activity related expenditure

45
Q

Basal energy expenditure

A

Energy for metabolic processes while at rest

- 69% of total

46
Q

Thermic effect of food

A

Energy required for digestion and absorption of food

- 10% of total

47
Q

Activity related expenditure

A

Varies with level of activity

- 20-30% of total

48
Q

Hungry

A

Ghrelin goes up and activates anabolic circuit –> want to eat – increases leptin, insulin, and PYY, and reduces energy usage
- Ghrelin falls, inhibition

49
Q

Hyperinsulinemia

A

Decreased IGFBP-1/2
Increased bioavailability of IGF-1 –> Increases free IGF-1 for increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis (increased risk of cancer)

50
Q

Less obese, less

A

Adiponectin

- Sensitivity to insulin –> more secretion –> hyperinsulinemia

51
Q

Total food intake (calories)

A

1000-2000 day
Carbs 50-60%
Fat 30%
Proteins 10-20%

POD Test 3 (10 decks)

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