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POD Test 3 > Neoplasia 1 Lecture > Flashcards

Neoplasia 1 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Define neoplasia

A

New growth
- Tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which is virtually autonomus and exceeds that of normal tissues –> persists after cessation of the stimuli that initiated its change

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2
Q

All tumors have two components?

A 
Parenchyma (proliferating neoplastic cells)
Supporting stroma (connective tissue and blood vessels
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3
Q

Benign tumors?

A

End with “oma”

- has the same characteristics as its’ parent

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4
Q

Adenomas

A

Benign epithelial tumors arising in glands or forming grandular patterns

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5
Q

Cystadenomas

A

Adenomas producing large cystic masses, typically in ovaries

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6
Q

Papillomas

A

Epithelial tumors forming microscopic or macroscopic finger-like projections

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7
Q

Polyp

A

A tumor projecting from the mucosa into the lumen of a hollow viscus
- Macroscopically visible projections above a mucosal surface

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8
Q

Malignant Tumors

A

Cancerous tumors

- Mesenchymal tissues - sarcomas (fleshy because of little stroma) or epithelial- carcinomas

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9
Q

Malgnant tumors classification

A

With glandular growth patterns - adenocarcinoma

  • Recognizable characteristics of cells found than so named - squamous cell carcinoma
  • Not recognizable- poorly differentiated or undifferentiated - carcinoma
  • Sometimes mixed tumors (tumor of salivary gland origin
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10
Q

Characteristics of neoplasms

A

Distinction between benign and malignant tumors is based on the appearance (morphology) and ultimately on behavior (clinical course)

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11
Q

Define differentitation

A

Extent to which tumor cells resemble comparable normal cells

  • Benign tumors are well differentiated (look like a normal cell)
  • Malignant neoplasms are in general less well differentiated than benign
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12
Q

Anaplashia

A

Lack of differentiation (hallmark of malignant cells)

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13
Q

Features of Anaplasia

A 
Nuclear and cellular pleomorphism
Hyperchromatism
Nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
Abundant mitoses
Tumor giant cells
Loss of polarity
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14
Q

Nuclear and cellular pleomorphism

A

Wide variation in the shape and size of cells and nucleus

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15
Q

Hyperchromatism

A

Darkly stained nuclei that frequently contain prominent nucleoli
- Much larger than normal cells

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16
Q

Nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio

A

1:1 instead of 1:4 or 1:6, reflecting enlargement of nuclei

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17
Q

Abundant mitoses

A

Reflect proliferative activity, mitotic figures may be abnormal
- All different versions of mitosis

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18
Q

Tumor giant cells

A

Contain a single large polyploid nucleus or multiple nuclei

19
Q

Loss of polarity

A

Poorly differentiated, anaplastic tumors also demonstrate a total disarray of tissue architecture
- Lost differentiation

20
Q

Define dysplasia

A

Disorderly but non-neoplastic growth (mild degrees of dysplasia, but do now always leading to cancer and are often reversible when the inciting cause is removed

  • Usually in the epithelial, involve the entire thickness (can be considered a preinvasive neoplasm –> carcinoma in situ)
  • Forerunner in may cases of invasive carcinoma
21
Q

Rate of growth

A

Malignant tumors grow more rapidly than benign tumors

  • Some cancers grow slowly for years and then enter a phase of rapid growth
  • Growth of cancers arising from hormone sensitive tissues… May be affected by variations in hormone levels associated with pregnancy and menopause
22
Q

Rapidly growing malignant tumors often contain

A

Central areas of ischemic necrosis because the tumor blood supply falls to keep pace with the oxygen need of the expanding mass of cells

23
Q

Local invasion of benign tumors

A

Grow as cohesive expansile masses that develop a rim of condensed connective tissue or capsule at the periphery (do not invade, they are encapsulated)
- Surgical enucleation: plane of cleavage between the capsule and the surrounding tissues

24
Q

Local invasion of malignant tumors

A

Invasive, infiltrating, and destroying normal tissue surrounding them

  • Lack a well-defined capsule and plane of cleaving, making enucleation difficult or impossible
  • Surgical treatment of such tumors requires removal of a considerable margin of healthy uninvolved tissue
25
Q

Metastasis

A

Involves invasion of the lymphatics, blood vessels, and body cavities by the tumor, followed by transport and growth of secondary tumor cell masses that are discontinuous with the primary tumor

26
Q

Exception to metastasis

A

Tumors in the brain and basal cell carcinomas of the skin, almost all other malignant tumors have the capacity to metastasize

27
Q

Routes of metastasis

A

Spread into body cavities
Invasion of lymphatics
Hematogenous spread

28
Q

Spread into body cavities

A

By seeding of surface of any cavity

29
Q

Invasion of lymphatics

A

Transport of tumor cells to reginal nodes and other parts of the body –> common in the initial spread of carcinomas

30
Q

Hematogenous spread

A

Using the blood system, starting in the kidneys

  • Tumor uses the veins to get into the system
  • Common in lungs and liver
31
Q

Benign tumors differentiation, rate of growth, local invasion, metastasis

A

Well-differentiated
Usually slow, may stop growing or regress; mitotic figure are rare and normal
Usually cohesive and well-demarcated masses that do not invade or infiltrate surrounding normal tissues
Absent metastasis

32
Q

Malignant tumors differentiation, rate of growth, local invasion, metastasis

A

Range of differentiation with anaplasia; atypical structure
Erratic, mitotic figures numerous, abnormal
Locally invasive, infiltrating the surrounding normal tissues
Frequently present, more poor differentiation- greater the chance of metastasis

33
Q

Male and female cancers that are most prominent? Highest death rate?

A

Prostate and breast cancer

Lung

34
Q

Age and cancer?

A

55+ yo or >15 yo

- Tumors of hematopoietic systems, neuroblastomas, wilms tumors, retinoblastomas, sarcomas of bone and skeletal muscles

35
Q

Heredity and cancer

A

Inherited cancer syndromes
Familial cancer
Autosomal recessive syndromes of defective DNA repair

36
Q

Inherited cancer syndromes

A

Characterized by inheritance of single mutant genes (cancer suppressor) that greatly increases the risk of developing a certain type of tumor
- Regulate cell growth

37
Q

Familial Cancers

A

Characterized by familial clustering of specific forms of cancer, but the transmission pattern is not clear in an individual case (breast, colon, brain, etc)

38
Q

Autosomal recessive syndromes of defective DNA repair

A

Characterized by chromosome or DNA instability that greatly increases the predisposition to environmental carcinogens

39
Q

Acquired Preneoplastic Disorders Precancerous Conditions

A

Certain clinical conditions are associated with an increased risk of devloping cancers

40
Q

Cirrhosis of the liver

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

41
Q

Atrophic gastrisits of pernicious anemia

A

Stomach cancer

42
Q

Chronic ulcerative colitis

A

Carcinoma of the colon

43
Q

Leukoplakia of the oral and genital mucosa

A

Squamous cell cancers

44
Q

Solar keratosis of the skin

A

Skin cancers

POD Test 3 (10 decks)

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