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POD Test 3 > Environmental Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Environmental Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Environmental and Occupational Health Encompasses?

A

Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention (of injuries and illness related from exposure to exogenous chemical or physical agents)

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2
Q

Environmental and Occupational Health Exposure?

A

Workplace

Therapeutic and nontherapeutic drug consumption

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3
Q

Recognition Environmental and Occupational Health Diseases?

A

Accidents, illness, premature deaths

- Occur: mining, ag, construction, transportation and public utility

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4
Q

Environmental and Occupational Health ratios?

A

Injuries: 7400/100,000
Death: 4.8/100,000

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5
Q

Health Effects of Climate Changes

A

Human activity:

  • Since 1960, 0.6 C
  • Sea level has risen 1-2 mm/year
  • Increase in carbon dioxide, methane, ozone (greenhouse effects)
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6
Q

Diseases related to climate changes?

A

Cardiovascular, cerebro-vascular, and respiratory disease (heat waves, air pollution)
Gastroenteritis and infectious disease epidemics (water and food contamination –> floods, disruption of clean water supplies)
Vector-borne infectious disease (malaria, west nile infection)
Malnutrition (disruption of crops)

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7
Q

Toxicity of chemical agents

A

100,000 different chemicals in commercial use in the US

  • 10% of 600 tested cause cancer
  • Waste sites: 4 billion pounds of toxic chemicals (72 million pounds are carcinogens)
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8
Q

Regulatory Agencies

A

Environmental Protection Agency
FDA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Consumer Products Safety Commision

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9
Q

Environmental Protection Agency

A

Regulates exposure to pesticides, toxic chemicals, water, and air pollutants and hazardous waste

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10
Q

FDA

A

Regulates drugs, medical devices, food additives and cosmetics

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11
Q

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

A

Mandates that employers provide safe working conditions for employees

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12
Q

Consumer Products Safety Commisions

A

Regulates all other products sold for use in homes, schools or recreations

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13
Q

Physicians

A

Should be familiar with regulatory agencies in US

- Explain the evidence in nontechnical terms

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14
Q

Health care providers

A

Cousel patients on prevention

tobacco smoking prevention 80-90% lung cancer

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15
Q

Toxicology

A

Scientific discipline that studies the distribution, effects and MOA of toxic agent

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16
Q

Toxicity

A

Degree to which a drug is able to produce illness or damage to an exposed organism
Depends on: inherent strucuture/properties and dose

17
Q

Dose-Response Curve

A

Subthreshold dose: safe dose
Threshold dose: begin response
Ceiling effect: plateau

18
Q

Xenobiotics

A
  • “Foreign agents”
    Exogenous chemicals in the environment (air, water, food and soil)
    Absorbed into the body through inhalation, ingestion and skin contact
19
Q

Xenbiotic metabolism non-toxic

A 
Phase 1 (hydrolysis, reduction, oxidation)
Phase 2 (sulfation, methylation, conjugation) --> more water soluble leading to elimination
20
Q

Xenobiotic metabolism toxic

A

Nontoxic metabolite –> reactive metabolite –> effects on cellular molecules (enzymes, receptors, etc) –> toxicity

21
Q

Personal exposures

A

Tobacco Use
Alcohol Abuse
Drug Abuse

22
Q

Tobacco Use

A

Cigarettes, cigars, pipes, snuff
Deaths: 440,000 per year
Diseases: 10,000,000 cases of chronic diseases, increased morality and morbidity (lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease)

23
Q

Cigarette smoke consists of two phases?

A 
Particulate phase (tar)
4,000 constituents (43 are carcinogens)
Gas phase
- chemical and metal (arsenic, nickel and cadmium) carcinogens, tumor promoters (acetaldehyde and chromium), irritants (NO2, formaldehyde) and cilia toxins (H cyanide), CO (binds hb --> less O2 delivery), and nicotine (alkaloid readily crosses BBB, stimulates nicotine receptors in the brain)
24
Q

Tobacco addiction

A

Increases: heart rate, bp, coronary artery blood flow, contracitility and cardiac output

25
Q

Routes of delivery for smoke

A

Mucous membranes
Swallowed in salvia
Alveolar capillary bed –> bloodstream

26
Q

Bad stuff of smoke

A 
Act on distant target organs --> cause variety of systemic disease
Common disease (lung cancer, artery disease, etc)
Effects of fetus: hypoxia --> low birth weight, prematurity, spontaneous abortions, complication at delivery
Second hand smoke
27
Q

Alcohol abuse

A

More than 10 million chronic alcoholics
More than 100,000 deaths
Results in psychological and physical dependence
Effects: depends on ethanol consumed/unit of body weight + time period in which it is ingested

28
Q

Blood concentration

A

Amount exhaled depnds on blood concentration
- 80-100 g/dL –> DUI
2 oz of ethanol in a 70 kg persons ( 15 oz of wine, 3 12 oz beers, 4-5 oz 80-proof whiskey)

29
Q

Occasional drinkers

A

200 mg/dL –> drowsiness
300 mg/dL –> stupor
>300 mg/dL –> coma, respiratory arrest, consequent death

30
Q

Habitual drinkers

A

Up to 700 mg/dL –> accelerated metabolism, induction of CYPs

31
Q

Metabolism of ethanol

A

Liver
Ethanol to acetaldehyde via ADH (alcohol DH)
- enter microsomes via CYP 2E1
- enters peroxisomes via catalase
- enter mitochondria via acetaldehyde DH into acetic acid

32
Q

Alcohol oxidation by ADH

A

Decrease NAD and increases NADH
- NAD required for fatty oxidation in liver and conversion of lactate to pyruvate - fatty acid and lactic acidosis in alcoholics

33
Q

Metabolism of CYP2E1 produces

A

ROS - lipid peroxidation of cell membrane – cellular injury

34
Q

Chronic alcoholism causes

A

cirrhosis of liver, bleeding from gastric ulcers, thiamine deficiency

35
Q

Alcohol in pregnancy

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

36
Q

Laryngeal and esophageal cancer

A

Due to acetaldehyde DNA adducts

37
Q

Acetaldehyde

A

Carcinogen that can attack the DNA and cause cancer

38
Q

Asians

A

Genetic polymorphism: aldehyde DHase that affects ethanol metabolism: Low ALDH activity –> increased acetaldehyde (facial flushing syndrome)

POD Test 3 (10 decks)

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