Environmental 2 Lecture Flashcards
Risk factors of drug abuse?
Family history Male sex Psychiatric disorders Ethanol abuse Easy access Peer pressure
Cocaine and effects on neurotransmissions
Blocks uptake up neurotransmitters
- blocks the uptake of dopamine –> euphora, paranoia, etc
- blocks the uptake of NE –> hypertension, cardiac arrhthmia, myocardial infarct, etc
- sympathomimetic: cardiovascular effects
- coronary artery vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation: myocardial ischemia
Therapeutic Drugs
Hormone Replacement Therapy
Oral Contraceptives
Acetaminophen
Aspirin
Hormone Replacement Therapy
Estrogen + progesterone
Initially: postmenopausal women, prevent or slow osteoporosis, reduces likelihood of myocardial infarctions
Studies: reduction of fractures, increased risk of breast cancer and venous thromboembolism (stroke)
Effects depend on?
Type of estrogen/progesterone used
Mode of administration
Age of person at start of treatment
Duration of treatment (increase after 5-8 years)
Oral contraceptives
Estradiol+ progestins or just progestins
Inhibits ovulation or prevents implantation
Adverse effects: thromboemolism, cardiovascular disease, cancer, hepatic adenoma
Acetaminophen
Analgesic and antipyretics
Toxicity: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shock, liver failure, hepatocyte necrosis
- therapeutic dose 3 mg/day
- toxic dose 15-25 gm
95% of acetaminophen?
Is detoxification by phase II –> excretion
5% of acetaminophen?
CYP2E1 activity –> NAPQ –> conjugated with GSH or protein adducts (lipid peroxidation) –> liver failure (binds covalently to liver proteins or oxidative damage)
Aspirin
Analgesic, antipyretic, antiinflammatory, antiplatelet (prevent heart attack and blood clot)
Adverse effects: GI bleeding, headaches, dizziness, mental confusion, coma, etc
- Therapeutic 80-160 mg
- Toxic kids 2-4 g adults 10-30g
Pollution
Marjor target: lungs
Sources: combustion of fossil fuels, power plant emissions, photochemical reaction
– Ground level ozone ( oxides of N and volatile hydrocarbons interact in the atmospher to produce ozone)
Common types
Carbon monoxide: burning gas NO2: gas stove and gas heaters Wood smoke: NO Formaldehyde: building materials Radon: radioactive gas Manufactured: fiberglass Bio-aerosols: microorganisms in the air
Industrial exposure
Occupational exposure- diseases affect almost all organ systems
- Acute toxicity, hypersensitivity, chronic toxicity, cancers
Types of industrial exposures
Volatile organic compounds: Organic solvent and vapors
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: potent chemical carcinogens
Plastic, rubbers, and polymers
Metals
Volatile organic compounds: Organic solvent and vapors
- Aliphatic hydrocarbons
- Petroleum products- gas, kerosene
- Aromatic hydrocarbons
Plastic, rubbers, and polymers
- Vinyl chloride monomers
- Rubber- leukemia
- Plastic containers- Fat + heat –> release of dioxin (carcinogenic)
Metals
Lead
- production of batteries and ammunition
Toxicity: injury to CNS and PNS, cerebral edema, mental deterioration, GI changes, ab pain
Symptoms: headache, dizziness, memory deficits
Ag Hazards
Increased with use of fetilizers and pesticides: insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, fumigants
Health effects of Ag hazards?
Male infertility
Neurotoxicity
Hepatotoxicity
Muscular toxicity
Radiation
Depends on: physical properties of material and dose
- Cells in G2 and mitotic phases are more sensitive
Types: non-ionizing and ionizing
Non-ionizing radiation
Examples: Uv and infrared light, microwave, etc
- Can move atoms in a molecule or cause them to vibrate, but is not sufficient to displace bound electron from atoms
UV Injury
Chlorofluorocarbons destory ozone layers (refrigerates, air conditioners, solvents)
- Skin cancer
Ionizing Radiation
Xray
- Has sufficient energy to remove tightly bound electrons
- Collision of electrons with other molecules release electron in a reaction cascade –> ionization
- DNA damage that is repair or not; not = cancer
Physical Environment
Human injury: death and disability
Mechanical force, thermal injuries, electrical injuries
Mechanical forces
Abrasion: rubbing of the skin
Contusion: blunt object
Laceration: tear –> stretch
Gun Wounds
Thermal injuries
Thermal burns
Hyperthermia
Hypothermia
Thermal burns
Depth of burn
% of body surface involved
Presence of interal injuries from inhalation
Promptness and efficiency of therapy
Burns classified
Superficial: epidermis
Partial thickness: Dermis
Full thickness: Reaching subq
Burns cause?
Shock, sepsis and respiratory insufficiency
– P. aeruginosa
Hyperthermia
Prolonged exposure to elevated ambient temperatures
- Heat cramps (loss of electrolytes through sweating)
- Heat exhaustion ( failure of cardiovasculer system to compensate for hypovolemia– lower blood volume)
- Heat stroke (failure of thermoregulatory mechanisms, sweating ceases, core body temp rises- >40) –> organ system failure –> stroke
Hypothermia
Cells and tissue freeze
Electrical injuries
Passage of electric current: have no effect, cause sudden death, cause thermal injury
Variation: resistance of the tissue to the conductance of electric current; intensity of current
