Nutrition for Pregnant Mothers and Newborns

Question 1

From conception to death ___________ has a lasting impact on our growth and development

Answer 1

Nutrition

Question 2

Studies have shown that an ________intake of ______________ several months prior to ___________, as well as throughout the pregnancy, a healthy body weight, control of existing health conditions, and avoidance of __________ (agents that may cause birth defects) will improve the odds of a healthy pregnancy for both mom and the baby.

Answer 2

adequate;vitamins and minerals; conception; teratogen;

Question 3

What kinds of factors can affect the outcome of a pregnancy?

Answer 3

Wise choices related to social, health, environmental and nutritional factors during pregnancy can all affect the outcome

Question 4

Length of a normal pregnancy is ___________, divided into __________________.

Answer 4

40 weeks; 3 trimesters

Question 5

After the sperm and the egg unite to form a ____________, over the next 14 days __________ occurs rapidly. This is called the _____________ stage of the pregnancy and by day 14 an ____________ is formed.

Answer 5

zygote; cell division; blastogenic; embryo

Question 6

Weeks 2-8 of the pregnancy are called the _____________ stage. What develops?

Answer 6

Embryonic. The organ system develops.

Question 7

At week _______ of the pregnancy the heart is beating.

Answer 7

5

Question 8

By week 8 the embryo is known as a ___________.

By the end of the first trimester most ____________ are formed and the fetus has the ability to __________.

Answer 8

Fetus; organs; move

Question 9

The fetal stage consists of weeks ……

Answer 9

9- through the end of the pregnancy

Question 10

Unfortunately many women _____________________________ until the second month of the pregnancy.

Answer 10

do not realize they are pregnant

Question 11

In terms of diet, the _______ of the mother’s diet is more important than the___________ to ensure adequate nutrients for the fetal development

Answer 11

quality; quantity

Question 12

What is the purpose of the placenta ?

Answer 12

During the pregnancy the placenta provides the fetus with oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood to the fetus and transfers fetal waste to mom for excretion.

Question 13

An infant born after _____ weeks of gestation, which is the period of intrauterine growth, and weighing greater than ______ pounds has a chance for a more positive outcome, less chance of medical issues and a better quality of life.

Answer 13

37; 5.5 pounds

Question 14

What infants qualify as low birth infants?

Answer 14

Infants weighing less than 5.5 pounds at birth are considered low birth weight infants

Question 15

Preterm infants were born when in the gestational period?

Answer 15

Prior to 37 weeks

Question 16

An infant who is full term but less than _______ pounds is considered small for gestational age

Answer 16

5.5 pounds

Question 17

Although many factors affect the health of a baby, an _________ diet, ________ and ________ prenatal care can _________ the chances of a successful pregnancy.

Answer 17

adequate; education; proper; increase

Question 18

In pregnancy should the calorie needs be doubled so the mother eats for two ?
How do calorie requirements differ by trimester?

Answer 18

No; this is a misconception. the calorie needs are not doubled but rather the need for certain nutrients increases by 50% during pregnancy.

During the first trimester increased calories are required to support the growth and development of the fetus.

Calorie needs during the second and third trimester are increased by approximately 20%.

Question 19

Sir, please comment on adequate weight gain during pregnancy? What is appropriate; what increases risk of complications? Thank you good sir…. complements of the Royal Court of Bungalow

Answer 19

“Of course lad” Yesh…. Typically weight gain of 25-35 pounds during pregnancy is a good predictor for healthy pregnancy. The norm is 2 -4 pounds during the first trimester and approximately 1 pound weekly during the remainder of the pregnancy.

Complications during pregnancy increase if mother is overweight or obese or if the baby is larger than normal.
weight gain for overweight/obese moms to be is less than 25 pounds. Likewise, underweight or pregnant teens require a higher weight gain to support the pregnancy.

Question 20

Pregnant moms require an additional ______ grams of protein per day above the RDA.

Answer 20

25

Question 21

If inadequate carbohydrates are ingested the body will turn to _______ for energy needs and _________ will be produced. These will inhibit brain development of the fetus.

Answer 21

fat; ketones

Question 22

The needs for ___________ vitamins, especially _________ are increased during pregnancy.

What products are now fortified with folate to prevent their deficiency, especially in pregnant women?

Answer 22

B; folate

Folate is needed for cell development and the synthesis of DNA, as well as red blood cell development.
All grain products are now fortified with folate as a precautionary measure to lower the risk of neural tube defects.

Question 23

What kinds of minerals are especially needed for increased mineral needs?

Answer 23

Iodide, zinc and iron

Question 24

Iron is required to make ____________ for red blood cells, which carry ___________

Answer 24

hemoglobin; oxygen

Question 25

Pregnancy risks when mother has iron deficiency

Answer 25

Iron deficiency anemia can lead to preterm delivery, low birth weight infants, and increased risk for fetal death.

Question 26

Teratogens in pregnancy include

Answer 26

tobacco, alcohol, caffeine and drugs. .

Question 27

Complications from tobacco use in pregnancy

Answer 27

Tobacco use can increase the risk for miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm delivery and low birth weight infants.

Question 28

complications from alcohol use in pregnancy

Answer 28

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - results in physical and mental disabilities and growth retardation

Question 29

Drugs increase the risk for _______ birth weight, __________ delivery, miscarriage, birth defects and infant ad__________.

Answer 29

low; preterm; infant addiction

Question 30

What are some common changes that occur during pregnancy that may affect the mother’s appetite and intake ?

Answer 30

heartburn, morning sickness and constipation

Question 31

In pregnant women, what can trigger heartburn?

What can be done to help prevent this ?

Answer 31

The hormones produced by the placenta can cause the relaxation of the muscles in the GI tract, which can allow a backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus and produce the burning sensation.

Avoiding foods that can trigger the reflux and avoiding lying down for an hour after a mean can help prevent this. Small frequent meals may also be beneficial.

Question 32

As the fetus grows intestinal muscles ______ often causing constipation. Increased ______ in the diet as well as increased fluid consumption will help

Answer 32

relax; fiber

Question 33

Pregnancy related nausea often referred to as ____________ may interfere with a women’s intake and can be triggered by the smell of food.

Answer 33

Morning Sickness

Question 34

Can morning sickness occur throughout the pregnancy ?

Answer 34

Yes, it is more common during the first trimester but it can occur at any time of day.

Question 35

Avoiding _______ foods, eating _______ meals, having good _________ when cooking and avoiding large amounts of liquid at one time may all help alleviate the symptoms of morning sickness.

Answer 35

greasy; smaller; ventilation

Question 36

What is physiological anemia ?

Answer 36

Occurs during pregnancy as an increase in blood volume dilutes the concentration of red blood cells. Anemia can develop if iron intake is too low to meet the increased needs during pregnancy.

Question 37

When can gestational diabetes occur during pregnancy ?

Answer 37

Sometime after the 20th week of pregnancy as the hormones produced by the placenta interfere with the production of insulin and blood glucose control. Blood glucose levels rise because the insulin levels are not enough to transport the glucose out of the bloodstream and into the cells.

Question 38

Is gestational diabetes harmful?

Answer 38

It can necessitate a C-section because the baby can be too large and there can be an increased risk of trauma at birth. Levels often return to normal following pregnancy but the mother has a higher risk of developing diabetes later in life.

Question 39

Pregnancy induced hypertension is also known as ____________ in the early form or ___________ in the severe form.

Answer 39

Preeclampsia; eclampsia

Question 40

Symptoms of pregnancy induced hypertension

Answer 40

Edema or swelling of the tissues, increased blood pressure, protein in the urine and changes in blood clotting. If left untreated kidney failure, convulsions, and death may result.

Question 41

Those most at risk of pregnancy induced hypertension ?

Answer 41

Women under the age of 17 or over 35, those with a family history of pregnancy-induced hypertension and overweight and obese women are most at risk.

Question 42

What helps prevent pregnancy induced hypertension? ?

Answer 42

A good dietary intake with additional calcium and limited sodium appears to help prevent this disorder.

Question 43

What is pica?

Answer 43

an abnormal craving for both food and nonfood items should be discussed with the pregnant women’s physician. While a nightly craving for ice cream and dill pickles is harmless, the desire to drink a floor cleaner or eat chalk is not. The cravings are usually caused by a nutrient deficiency which once corrected eliminates the cravings.

Question 44

The American Dietetic Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend ____________ for the first year of life.

Answer 44

breastfeeding

Question 45

During pregnancy the body readies the breasts for breastfeeding by increasing the amount of ______ in the breast tissue and maturation of the structure. ________ stimulate these changes and also produce sac like structures in the breast for milk storage called _________

Answer 45

Fat; Hormones; Lobules

Question 46

What is the hormone that produces milk after pregnancy called ?

Answer 46

Prolactin, secreted by the pituitary gland

Question 47

What does the hormone oxytocin do regarding breastfeeding?

Answer 47

It stimulates the lobules in the breast which in turn stimulates the letdown reflex that causes the release of milk from the milk duct in the breasts.

Question 48

What is colustrum ?

Answer 48

This is a substance secreted from the breast for the first few days following delivery. It is a thick yellowish substance that is rich in protein and immune factors which protect the intestinal health of the newborn.

Question 49

What is cool about the composition of milk in the breast for the newborn?

Answer 49

it adapts to the infants individual requirements. An example is the amount of fatty acids which are needed for synthesis of brain tissue and the central nervous system development. Preterm infants may require more fatty acids and the milk composition changes to meet this need.

Question 50

Several days following delivery, the milk ______________ and although it has a thin watery, bluish appearance, it is extremely high in ________ quality.

Answer 50

composition changes; nutritional

Question 51

Should I feed cows milk to my baby who is under 12 months old?

Answer 51

No because it is too high in protein and minerals for the baby’s GI tract. it is too difficult to digest.

Question 52

During lactation, or breastfeeding, the mother needs to make sure she receives adequate amounts of what ?

Answer 52

Vitamins and minerals, especially vitamins A, E, C and riboflavin. Calorie needs are higher during lactation also than during pregnancy. Hydration is especially important

Question 53

Hydration is especially important and drinking approximately _____ cups of fluid per day will allow adequate milk production.

Answer 53

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