Infancy, Childhood & Adolescence Nutrition

Question 1

During the first year of life, an infant requires ___________________ per pound of body weight than in any other time of life.

Answer 1

more nutrients and calories

Question 2

Discuss the growth rate of infants in the first year of life

Answer 2

an infant will double their weight during the first 4 to 6 months of life and triple it during the first year.

Question 3

In children younger than 2, poor growth may occur and is referred to as ______________. Why is this important to address?

Answer 3

Failure to Thrive. If not addressed, failure to thrive can lead to poor growth, impaired mental development and behavioral issues.

Question 4

human milk or infant formula should make up the total diet for approximately the first ________months of life Even after solid food is introduced, human milk or formula should continue to be given for how long ?

Answer 4

4-6 months of life.

For the first year.

Question 5

What substance is breast milk and infant formula rich in ?

Answer 5

Fats that are needed for brain and nervous system development.

Question 6

______________acid (AA) and ____________ acid (DHA) are long chain fatty acids essential for brain and eye development.

Answer 6

Arachidonic acid ; docosahexaenoic acid.

Human milk provides both of these ffatty acids while infant formula has been supplemented with it.

Question 7

_________protein should be avoided to prevent putting stress on the infant’s________ as they try to clear the waste products from protein metabolism. Excess consumption or early introduction of proteins can lead to a __________ as the infant’s immune system reacts to the protein.

Answer 7

Excess; kidneys; food allergy

Question 8

What vitamin does formula lack that an infant needs ?

Answer 8

Vitamin K

Question 9

What vitamin does breast milk lack that an infant needs?

Answer 9

Vitamin D - a supplement is required

Question 10

All infants regardless of the type of milk they consume are given a __________ shot at birth.

Answer 10

Vitamin K

Question 11

If the mother is deficient in this mineral while pregnant or nursing, it may be necessary for the infant to receive supplementation in order to prevent what disease?

Answer 11

Iron; anemia

Question 12

When can an infant start to have solid foods?

Answer 12

At around six months of age

Question 13

This food is typically given first to an infant when they are ready for solid food. Why?

Answer 13

Rice cereal as it is less likely to cause allergies.

Question 14

Why Is it important that new foods be introduced 7 days apart for an infant?

Answer 14

To monitor for any signs of allergies in the infant

Question 15

What are foods that should never be given to a child under the age of one?

Answer 15

1. Honey - which contains spores of botulinum and could lead to food borne illness called botulism that could be fatal to child younger than 1 year.
2. Egg whites, chocolate and nuts which commonly cause an allergic reaction
3. Foods that are a choking hazard. Examples include small round foods such as grapes or hot dogs, sticky foods like peanut butter and hard foods like candy and popcorn.
4. Excess amounts of apple or pear juice. Excess juice may be replacing the human milk or formula and the infant may be not getting enough calcium for bone development. Excess juice can also lead to failure to thrive if juice is consumed instead of solids; it has also been linked to poor dental health and obesity. Apple and pear juice contain fructose and sorbitol which can lead to diarrhea.
5. Cow’s milk, goat’s milk and unpasteurized milk due to the inability to digest the proteins in this milk before 1 year of age.

Question 16

By ________ months ________ skills can be practiced as coordination develops and the infant is eager to explore and experiment with food.

Answer 16

6-7 months; self feeding

Question 17

Between the ages of ________a toddler’s growth _________and appetite declines

Answer 17

2 and 5; slows

Question 18

Children develop food preferences and often experience food jags, the desire to eat the same foods or only certain color at each meal.
What can be done to combat this ?

Answer 18

By having a variety of foods consistently at meal and snack times

Question 19

The more color on the plate, regardless of whether the food is a fruit or vegetable, the more _______

Answer 19

NUTRIENTS !

Question 20

What are three nutrition concerns that can affect preschoolers ?

Answer 20

Iron deficiency anemia, constipation and dental caries

Question 21

Iron deficiency anemia usually manifests itself between the ages of ___________. __________ supply to the cells declines and can lead to__________ energy and _________ ability as well as decreased immunity and increased risk of disease. ____________ breakfast cereal and a small amount of meat will provide enough iron to meet children’s needs.

Answer 21

6 and 24 months; oxygen; decreased; learning; iron fortified

Question 22

Get through this and talk about the relieving of constipation in preschoolers ?

Answer 22

may be related to a medical condition but is usually caused by other factors. Increasing fiber through fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, cereals and beans will help relieve constipation. Consuming 4-5 cups of fluid daily is important with the additional fiber intake. Having the child to go to the bathroom when they feel the urge should be encouraged.

Question 23

How do dental caries occur and what can be done about it ?

Answer 23

To prevent cavities from developing never put a baby to bed with a bottle of milk, formula or juice. Wipe your infants gum and teeth after drinking or eating. For toddlers and preschoolers, avoid sticky, high sugar snacks and encourage brushing with a small amount of fluoridated toothpaste

Question 24

What about preschoolers who avoid animal products ?

Answer 24

A more careful, intentionally planned diet must be worked out in order to receive adequate intake of plant sources of protein, Vitamin D, vitamin B-12, calcium, iron and zinc.

Question 25

The school age years bring additional loss of _______from caregivers and increased pressure from peers, the media and the child’s own exertion of their independence when making _______. Studies show that _______school age children meet their daily requirements from all 5 food groups and their diets are especially lacking in calcium, iron and zinc and often high in ________.

Answer 25

Control; food choices; few; sugar and fat

Question 26

What is the key to breakfast according to the module ?

Answer 26

The key is combining a good source of protein with a carbohydrate to jump start your day and provide energy to carry you through to lunchtime.

Question 27

__________ of fat is not a good idea. It often results in the “good food, bad food” attitude and is linked to _____________ later in life.

Answer 27

Over restriction; eating disorders

Question 28

. Childhood obesity is a serious health risk because approximately ________of obese children become __________ adults

Answer 28

40%

Question 29

we are becoming a nation of_______________children.

Answer 29

Overweight and obese

Question 30

Rather than get kids specifically on a diet, the focus should rather be on what ?

Answer 30

Monitoring the amount of activity they get and finding ways they can become more active in enjoyable ways
Limiting high calorie foods and focusing on nutrient dense choices can help
Understanding portion sizes and making small changes in food preparation

Question 31

Today physicians are diagnosing a high number of children with both __________ and _________ __________ levels. Early screening is advised and treatment includes a ________and _________to help the child achieve a healthy weight. Once a healthy weight is achieved, the symptoms generally _________________

Answer 31

Type 2 diabetes; high cholesterol; balanced diet and physical activity; resolve

Question 32

Healthy living, including exercise as a part of daily life, and making wise food choices based on the pyramid recommendations can help __________ diseases that commonly manifest themselves in middle age. Illness such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and obesity can be _________________.

Answer 32

Prevent; Controlled or even prevented

Question 33

Is aging a disease ?

Answer 33

No ! A decline is health is not inevitable as we age.
advances in health care, food safety, and sanitation have allowed many to add years to their life. The fastest growing population in the United States are those 85 years of age and older.

Question 34

Adulthood is a period of body function maintenance until approximately _________ After age 30 we experience both physical and physiological changes that occur in body _____________. This change is referred to as ______

Answer 34

30; structure and function; aging

Question 35

What happens after age 30 in adulthood?

Answer 35

The breakdown of cells occurs faster than cell synthesis leading to a decline in body functions.

Question 36

You as an individual have a choice as to how you want ___________.

Answer 36

to age

Question 37

______________ refers to the expected progression of cell _________ with age and the physical changes that occur related to ___________ lifestyle choices.
Examples include loss of bone mass, weight gain, high blood pressure and decreased lean body mass.

Answer 37

Usual aging; death; unhealthy

Question 38

physical and physiological changes that occur related to growing older but not related to poor lifestyle choices are called _____________. These individuals age at a _________ rate and experience age related diseases __________ than usual agers.

Answer 38

Successful aging ; lower; later

Question 39

The difference between successful aging and usual aging is what ?

Answer 39

The difference in lifestyle choices.

Aging will happen but how we react toit and what we do about it is a choice !

Question 40

Delay of disabilities caused by age related disease is called ______________ of morbidity.

Answer 40

Compression

Question 41

our genes play a role in how long we will ___________

Answer 41

live.

Question 42

Why is a thrifty metabolism that stores fat more easily not as great as it was for our tribal hunter gatherer ancestors.

Answer 42

While this was helpful for our ancestors who had to hunt and gather food as the ability to store fat provided insulation as well as a storage source of energy during the lean times, It may actually be detrimental for us today as society has shifted to one of inactivity with a plentiful supply of food.

Question 43

What three factors affect the aging process ?

Answer 43

Heredity
Environment
Lifestyle choices

Question 44

As an adult, our food choices become very important as ______________ decline, but ___________nutrition is very important.

Answer 44

Calorie needs; adequate

Question 45

What do the Dietary Guidelines recommend?

Answer 45

a diet low in saturated fat and trans fats as well as low in cholesterol, simple sugars and sodium. The diet should focus on plant based foods with minimal processing, fish, whole grains, low fat dairy products and small amounts of meat.

Question 46

By exchanging ___________ carbohydrates for _____________ carbohydrates one can ____________ their risk for colon cancer and heart disease, prevent constipation and lower blood cholesterol levels.

Answer 46

complex; simple; lower

Question 47

Discuss the problem some adults have with hydration…

Answer 47

As we age we lose some of our thirst sensation and can confuse being thirsty with being hungry, which can result in mild dehydration or worse.

Question 48

Is it beneficial for older adults to take a multivitamin every day ?

Answer 48

Yes, as this can provide adequate intake of vitamins and minerals that could be lacking due to issues that can affect the intake of food and hence receiving an adequate nutrient supply. . These can include lack of income, loss of teeth, physical disabilities, loss of taste and desire to really eat.
Calcium, vitamin D, iron, zinc, magnesium, B vitamins and carotenoids tend to be inadequate in many adults diets.

Question 49

What are the two main factors when it comes to adequate nutrient intake and nutrition concerns.

Answer 49

Physiological and Psychosocial factors

Question 50

What are the physiological factors that can affect how well we eat and the concerns that come with that?

Answer 50

Changes in body composition lead to loss of lean muscle tissue and an increase in fat stores.
Changes to the skeletal system, such as loss of bone mass .
Changes in the digestive system - certain organs decline in function- constipation is an added issue

Chronic disease related to malnutrition, altered nutrient utilization and altered nutrient needs affects many of the elderly.

Medications can negatively impact nutritional status

Question 51

What is sarcopenia? With this change there is an increase in ________stores known as sarcopenic ________

Answer 51

A loss of lean muscle that leads to an decreased basal metabolic rate.
Fat; obesity

Question 52

How can medications negatively affect someones nutritional status?

Answer 52

Medications can lead to loss of taste or smell, induce anorexia or interact and inhibit the absorption of nutrients. Antibiotics can disrupt the natural bacteria in the GI tract and deplete vitamin K levels. Diuretics can lead to a loss of potassium and a supplement may be necessary

Question 53

What are the psychosocial factors that can affect nutrient intake and its associated concerns ?

Answer 53

Social Isolation
Depression
Alzheimers disease or dementia
Economic factors

Question 54

What is the DETERMINE acronym and what can it be used for?

Answer 54

This is a test that can be used to determine an elderly individual’s risk for malnutrition related to both physiological and psychosocial factors.

Disease- Alzhiemer’s, cancer, heart disease or others
Eating poorly
Toothloss
Economic hardship
Reduced social contact
Medications
Involuntary weight loss
Needs assistance
Elderly, older than 80 years of age

Question 55

What are some options of elderly individuals who struggle to eat well and maintain adequate nutrition?

Answer 55

Nutrition programs for individuals over 60 include congregate meal programs, Meals on Wheels, SNAP, food co- ops, and religious and social organizations.

Question 56

What are the recommendations that the USDA provides to meet the unique nutrient needs of the older population?

Answer 56

1. Increased nutrient density
2. Adequate fluid and fiber intake
3. Lean meats to provide iron, protein, zinc and vitamin B-6 and B-12 which are frequently inadequate
4. Use of a multivitamin and mineral supplement
5. Modified physical activity to maintain lean body tissue and prevent unwanted weight gain from fatty tissue.