Nutrition & Energy

Question 1

What is energy?

Answer 1

it can’t be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another

Question 2

How is energy obtained?

Answer 2

by oxidation of macronutrients (carbohydrates, fat, protein and alcohol)

Question 3

What is chemical energy used for?

Answer 3

-used by body to carry out mechanical (muscle contraction), electrical (maintaining ion gradients across membranes) and chemical (synthesis of new macromolecules)

Question 4

How many kj is in 1 kcal?

Answer 4

4.18kj

Question 5

What factors can affect energy requirements?

Answer 5

sex, body size, climate, physical activity levels

Question 6

How many kcal per gram of fat?

Answer 6

9 kcal (most energy dense)

Question 7

how many kcal per gram of protein?

Answer 7

4 kcal

Question 8

how many kcal per gram of carbohydrate?

Answer 8

3.75kcal

Question 9

How many kcal per gram of alcohol?

Answer 9

7 kcal

Question 10

What does EAR stand for?

Answer 10

estimated average requirements

Question 11

What % of the diet does COMA recommend come from each micronutrient without alcohol (with alcohol)?

Answer 11

50% (47%) from carbs
35% (33%) from fat
15% (doesn’t change) from protein

Question 12

Effect of age on energy requirements?

Answer 12

Generally decrease as age increases –decreases at 18 and remains the same till 50 then decrease again as basal metabolic rate decreases

Question 13

What form is energy stored in in the body?

Answer 13

fat, glycogen, protein
(protein is only used by the body in extreme cases eg.starvation-muscles waste away)

Question 14

What is energy expenditure?

Answer 14

-the sum of the basal metabolic rate , the thermic effect of food and the energy expended in physical activity.

Question 15

what is BMR?

Answer 15

the amount of energy expended while at complete rest (the total number of calories the body needs to be able to carry out basic life functions)

Question 16

what is the thermic effect of food?

Answer 16

the energy required to digest and absorb food

Question 17

What % of energy should be expended by BMR, thermic effect of food and physical activity?

Answer 17

-60-75%- BMR
-10% thermic effect
-15-30%-physical activity

Question 18

How is body weight maintained in terms of energy?

Answer 18

energy intake= energy expenditure

Question 19

What is negative energy balance?

Answer 19

-when diet provides insufficient energy to meet energy demands of person and causes weight loss
-if happens over a long period of time can cause someone to be underweight

Question 20

What health problems can be caused from being underweight?

Answer 20

-osteoporosis (low bone mass)
-infertility (hard to conceive)
-anemia
-slow/impaired growth

Question 21

What is positive energy balance?

Answer 21

-when the diet provided more energy than needed so excess energy is stored as fat causing a person to gain weight
-over an extended period of time the person may become overweight and obese

Question 22

Health risks associated with being overweight?

Answer 22

-increased risk of developing certain cancers
-cardiovascular disease
- type 2 diabetes.
- If a large amount of weight/fat is stored around the waist that also
increases the risk of these health problems.

Question 23

How can energy balance be maintained?

Answer 23

.Regulating energy intake through the diet
* Adjusting physical activity levels
* A combination of both