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NS371—Fundamentals of Nursing > Nutrition & Elimination > Flashcards

Nutrition & Elimination Flashcards

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1
Q

define nutrition

A

all interactions between organism and food

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2
Q

nutritive value

A

nutrient content of specified amt of food

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3
Q

“macro” vitamins & minerals

A

K, P, Na, Ca, Mg, Cl, S

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4
Q

“micro” vitamins & minerals

A

Fe, Zn, manganise, I, Fl, Copper, Cobalt, chromium, selenium

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5
Q

where do most people get fluoride? who is at risk for deficiency?

A

city water

people who drink from a well

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6
Q

major enzyme for carbs

A

Ptyalin (salivary amylase)

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7
Q

how to raise a pt’s blood sugar quickly?

A

cake icing

dissolve in mouth

follow up with protein - PB, etc

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8
Q

enzyme beginning protein digestion in mouth

A

pepsin

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9
Q

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase are from the…

and digest…

A

pancreas

proteins

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10
Q

aminopeptidase, dipeptidase are from the…

and digest…

A

intestine wall

proteins

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11
Q

who has to take enzymes with meals?

A

cystic fibrosis pts

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12
Q

anabolism vs catabolism

A

ana - building tissue

cata - breaking down

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13
Q

define nitrogen balance

A

degree of anabolism & catabolism

+ means more anabolism

  • means more catabolism
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14
Q

“full” arms of hydrogen

A

saturated fats

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15
Q

2 types of unsaturated fats

A

monounsaturated

polyunsaturated

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16
Q

enzymes needed for lipid digestion

A

bile

pancreatic lipase

enteric lipase

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17
Q

bile

function

made and stored where?

A

emulsifies and increases surface area of fats

made in liver, stored in gallbladder

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18
Q

which pts cannot eat lipids?

A

gallbladder removed/nonfunctioning

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19
Q

lipid storage

A

adipocytes

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20
Q

why are vitamins needed in body

A

to catalyze metabolic processes

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21
Q

which vitamins are needed daily because they can’t be stored?

which can be stored?

A

water soluble (C, B) - needed daily

fat soluble (A, D, E, K) - storable

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22
Q

energy balance =

A

intake minus what we use

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23
Q

carbs - __cal/g

proteins - __cal/g

fats - __cal/g

alcohol - __cal/g

A

4

4

9

7

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24
Q

BMR

A

rate at which body metabolizes food to maintain energy requirement of a person awake and at rest

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25
Q

REE

A

amt of energy required to maintain basic body functions or calories required to maintain life

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26
Q

what is the rule of 5’s/6’s?

A

ideal weight

FEMALES - rule of 5s: 100 lbs for first 5 feet - then 5 lbs for every inch >5 ft

MALES - rule of 6s: 106 lbs for first 5 feet - then 6 lbs for every inch >6 ft

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27
Q

use BMI with caution in these pts

A

retain fluid, athletes, older adults

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28
Q

BMI

underweight =

healthy =

overweight =

obese =

extremely obese =

A
  • Underweight - <18.5
  • Healthy - 18.5-24.9
  • Overweight - 25-29.9
  • Obese - 30-39.9
  • Extremely obese - 40+
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29
Q

what kind of fat distribution is unhealthy? what kind is healthier?

A

visceral is unhealthy

buttock is healthier

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30
Q

why do women need more iron than men?

A

loss through menstruation

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31
Q

nutritional complications of alcohol

A

wt gain

wt loss

vitamin B deficiency

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32
Q

nutrition — birth to 1 year

A

demand feeding

regurgitation

iron deficiency

bottle mouth syndrome (tooth problem)

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33
Q

nutrition — toddlerhood

A

eats most foods

adjusts to 3 meals/day

feeds self

teeth care

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34
Q

nutrition — preschool

A

eating adult foods

may require snacks

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35
Q

nutrition — school age

A

balanced diet important

start to teach healthy eating habits

poor habits lead to obesity

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36
Q

nutrition — adolescents

A

increased need for nutrients, Ca+

risk for eating disorders

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37
Q

nutrition - young adulthood

A

pay attention to protein, Ca+

limit cholesterol

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38
Q

nutrition — postmenopausal women

A

need Ca+ and vit D (reduces osteoporosis)

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39
Q

nutrition — older adults

A

need same nutritional intake, but less calories

more fluid, fiber, activity

decreases sense of smell & tooth loss

also may have issues c loneliness, transportation & access to food

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40
Q

keep fats < _____% of total calories

A

20-35%

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41
Q

how to prevent choking while eating

A

chin tuck

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42
Q

how long can someone be on a clear liquid diet?

A

24-36 hrs

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43
Q

exceptions to clear liquid diets

A

CANNOT have: red liquid

CAN have: coffee; popsicles; gelatin; honey; hard candy

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44
Q

exceptions to full liquid diets

A

CAN have: pudding; ice cream; cream; butter; eggs; yogurt

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45
Q

intervention that can help people with neuro, musculoskeletal, etc problems eat/drink

A

altered utensils

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46
Q

purposes of NG tube (5)

A
  • Feedings
  • Medications
  • Suctioning stomach contents to prevent distension & n/v
  • Remove stomach contents for analysis
  • Lavage (wash) stomach in case of poisoning, OD
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47
Q

offer oral care q __ hr for NG tube pts

A

2 hr

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48
Q

flush NG tube with _____ mL water

A

10-30

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49
Q

how to give meds via NG tube

A
  • dilute liquids, especially viscious
  • crush and dissolve (if allowed)
  • draw up fluid from capsule (if allowed)
  • give each med alone with 30-60 mL warm water
  • flush after each med with 15-30 mL
  • change amt of water used according to how many meds there are
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50
Q

ways to check NG tube placement

A

air bolus

pH

bilirubin

x-ray

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51
Q

which NG tube needs more attention to flushing

A

Dobhoff

52
Q

having pts in high Fowlers during NG tube placement, feeding, & med admin prevents…

A

aspiration

53
Q

always do before administering tube feeding

A

check residual

do not give feeding if it is over amt given by the policy

give residual back

54
Q

anytime you take cap off of the NG tube, you must…

A

kink the tubing

55
Q

upper urinary tract organs

A

kidneys

ureters

56
Q

lower urinary tract organs

A

bladder

urethra

pelvic floor

57
Q

location of kidneys

A

retroperitoneal on either side of spine

58
Q

kidney function

A

filter blood, remove metabolic wastes

regulate acid/base

regulate fluid

59
Q

capacity of bladder

A

300-600 mL

60
Q

what causes bladder spasm?

A

voiding too quickly

61
Q

base of the bladder

A

trigone

62
Q

length of urethra in women & men

A

women - 3-4 cm

men - 20 cm

63
Q

why are women more prone to UTI?

A

anus closer to urethra

shorter urethra

64
Q

what do we want UTI pts to do?

A

drink a lot of fluid

void every 2-3 hr

65
Q

components of continence mechanism

A

internal sphincter involuntary

external sphincter voluntary

66
Q

process of urination (6)

A
  1. Urine collects in bladder
  2. Pressure stimulates stretch receptors
  3. Stretch receptors transmit impulses to spinal cord voiding reflex center
  4. Internal sphincter relaxes, stimulating urge
  5. If appropriate, conscious portion of brain relaxes external urethral sphincter muscle
  6. Urine is eliminated
67
Q

which exercises help voluntary control of urination?

A

kegel

pelvic floor

68
Q

when does fetal kidney start to produce urine?

A

11-12 weeks

69
Q

urination in infants

A

no voluntary control

20x/day

minimal concentration - colorless, odorless

70
Q

urination in children

A

kidneys become more efficient

able to control urge to void around 2.5-3 years

full control (day & night) occurs at 4-5 years

71
Q

urination in older adults

A

declining ability to concentrate urine

bladder muscle tone diminshes - nocturia

increased residual urine

incontinence - mobility problems, neuro impairments

72
Q

nocturnal enuresis

A

bedwetting

73
Q

when does bedwetting become abnormal?

A

>6yo

74
Q

psychological factors affecting urination

A

privacy

natural position

being rushed

75
Q

why does alcohol increase urinary output?

A

decreases ADH

76
Q

why does caffeine increase urinary output?

A

irrirates urinary tract

77
Q

natural diuretic

A

grapefruit juice

78
Q

adverse effects of diuretics

A

loss of potassium

cramping

79
Q

voiding position for men with prostate enlargement

A

sitting down

80
Q

cytoscopy

A

inspection of bladder

81
Q

polyuria

A

excessive urination

82
Q

polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

83
Q

oliguria

A

low urine output

<500 mL/day

<30 mL/hour

84
Q

interventions for oliguria

A

offer fluids

assess for dehydration

85
Q

anuria

A

no urine

86
Q

sx of UTI

A

frequency

urgency

nocturia

dysuria

87
Q

primary urinary problems (4)

A

enuresis, incontinence, retention, neurogenic bladder

88
Q

urinary frequency > __x/day

A

4-6

89
Q

nocturia >__x/night

A

2+

90
Q

sudden strong desire to void - with or without large amt of urine in bladder

A

urgency

91
Q

dysuria

A

painful/difficult urination

92
Q

involuntary urination in children beyond age of bladder control

A

enuresis

93
Q

bedwetting affects girls or boys more?

A

boys

94
Q

emptying of bladder impaired - associated c overflow incontinence - prostate enlargement - having a catheter in for a long time

A

urinary retention

95
Q

stress incontinence

A

weak pelvic floor

96
Q

urgency incontinence

A

inability to stop voiding

97
Q

overflow incontinence

A

neurogenic bladder

can’t perceive fullness

98
Q

transient & functional incontinence

A

factors outside urinary tract - physical limitations

99
Q

NORMAL URINE

amt in 24 hours

color

clarity

odor

sterility

pH

specific gravity

glucose

ketones

blood

A

1200-1500/24hr

straw colored

transparent

faintly aromatic odor

sterile

  1. 5-8 pH
  2. 010 to 1.025 specific gravity

no glucose, ketones, blood

100
Q

who might not have non-sterile urine normally?

A

females - touches lots of things on its way out

101
Q

how to calculate urine output with continuous bladder irrigation

A

measured output - irrigation put in = true output

102
Q

PVR

normal

how to measure

A

post-void residual urine

50-100 mL

bladder scan or straight cath

103
Q

preventing UTI (8)

A
  • Drink 8 8oz glasses of water
  • Frequent voiding - q2-4hr
  • Avoid harsh soaps, bubble baths, powders, sprays in perineal area
  • Avoid tight clothing
  • Wear cotton underwear
  • Wipe front to back
  • Take showers rather than baths
  • Urinate before/after sex
104
Q

crede maneuver

A

pushing on bladder to void

105
Q

for men, what type of catheter is preferred?

A

condom

106
Q

catheter care

A

no kinks

clean away from pt multiple times per shift

check skin integrity

107
Q

may be used in females who otherwise have to self-cath & have difficulty

A

suprapubic catheter

108
Q

_____ mL chyme moves from sm intestine to lg intestine daily

A

1500

109
Q

length of rectum

A

4-6 inches

110
Q

length of anal canal

A

1-2 inches

111
Q

distended veins in rectum

A

hemorrhoids

112
Q

NORMAL FECES

color (adult, infant)

consistency

shape

amt

odor

constituents

A

brown in adults, yellow in infants

formed, soft, semisolid, moist

cylindrical; 2.5 cm diameter

100-400 g/day

aromatic

undigested roughage, dead bacteria & epithelium, dried constituents of digestive juices

113
Q

feces are ____% water, ____% solid

A

75% water

25% solid

114
Q

first stool of newborn

A

meconium

115
Q

toddlers achieve some control of defecation by _____ yo

A

1.5-2

116
Q

tx for constipation

A

FFA

fluid, fiber, activity

117
Q

GI considerations/interventions after surgery

A

anesthesia stops peristalsis

assess for peristalsis, flatus

auscultate bowels

118
Q

decreased frequency; hard dry formed stools; straining; painful; feeling of fullness; anorexia & nausea; h/a

A

constipation

119
Q

high risk pts for constipation

A

school age children

older adults

pts on pain meds

120
Q

causes of constipation (7)

A

IBS; pelvic floor dysfunction; slow transit; neurologic conditions; emotional disturbances; medications; habitual denial/suppression of urge

121
Q

mass or collection of hardened stools in folds of rectum

A

fecal impaction

122
Q

what is a life threatening concern with constipation?

A

straining can activate vasovagal response

can cause heart failure

123
Q

which pts would you be especially cautious about digital removal of fecal impactions with?

A

heart patients

(vasovagal response)

124
Q

passage of liquid feces; increased frequency; cramps & increased bowel sounds; fatigue, weakness, malaise, emaciation, dehydration

A

diarrhea

125
Q

eructation

A

burping

126
Q

how long should a pt be on a bedpan?

A

no more than 15 mins

127
Q

how long should a pt hold an enema?

A

as long as they can

30 mins

NS371—Fundamentals of Nursing (12 decks)

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