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MEH (Milly's) > Nutrition, Diet And Body Weight > Flashcards

Nutrition, Diet And Body Weight Flashcards

1
Q

What is an anabolic process?

A

Something that uses energy and raw material to make larger molecules for growth and maintenance (building)

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2
Q

What is a catabolic process?

A

Breaking down molecules to release energy in the form of reducing power

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3
Q

What is energy?

A

The capacity to do work

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4
Q

List the types of work that all living things need energy for (5)

A

Biosynthetic (synthesis of cellular components)
Mechanical (muscle contraction)
Osmotic (kidney)
Electrical (nervous conduction)
Transport (maintenance of ion gradients and uptake of nutrients)

(Remember: Bodies Must Obtain Energy Today)

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5
Q

What type of energy do cells use to drive energy-requiring activities?

A

Chemical bond energy

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6
Q

How is ATP stored?

A

Not directly, molecule that can be broken down into ATP(to release energy) are stored instead

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7
Q

Name some processes that require energy (5)

A 
Ion transport
Biosynthetic 
Muscle contraction
Thermogenesis
Detoxification
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8
Q

List some molecules (4) that can be oxidised to provide energy, list them in order of use (most to least used)

A

Lipids
Carbohydrates
Protein
(Alcohol)

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9
Q

What is 1kcal worth in kJ?

A

4.2

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10
Q

List some essential components of the diet (7)

A 
Carbohydrates (mostly supplies energy)
Fats (energy and essential fatty acids)
Protein (energy and amino acids)
Minerals (essential)
Vitamins (essential)
Fibre (necessary for normal GI function)
Water (maintains hydration)
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11
Q

What groups can carbohydrates typically contain? (2)

A

Aldehyde (-C=OH) or Keto (-C=O)

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12
Q

How many carbons does glucose have?

A

6

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13
Q

What type of bonds in polymers of glucose are humans capable to breaking down and what are those we aren’t capable of breaking down?

A

Can break alpha-1,4 bond (in starch and glycogen)

Cant break beta-1,4 bond (in cellulose)

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14
Q

What are the bonds that hold adjacent amino acids together called?

A

Peptide bond

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15
Q

How many amino acids are used for proteins synthesis in the body?

A

20

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16
Q

How many essential amino acids cannot be synthesised and how would they be obtained?

A

9,

Obtained from diet

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17
Q

What are the 9 essential amino acids that cannot be synthesised by the body called?

A 
Isoleucine
Lysine
Threonine
Histidine
Leucine
Methionine
Phenylalanine 
Tryptophan
Valine

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18
Q

Which people have the highest rate of protein synthesis?

A

Children and pregnant women

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19
Q

When would protein be considered high or low ‘quality’ and why?

A

High quality- of animal origin as it contains all essential amino acids

Low quality- of plant origin as it is often deficient in one or more essential amino acids

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20
Q

What is starch?

A

Polymer of glucose (plants)

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21
Q

What is sucrose?

A

Table sugar

Glucose-fructose disaccharide

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22
Q

What is lactose?

A

Milk sugar

Glucose-galactose disaccharide

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23
Q

What is fructose?

A

Fruit sugar

Monosaccharide

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24
Q

What is glucose?

A

Predominant sugar in human blood

Monosaccharide

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25
Q

What is maltose?

A

Glucose-glucose disaccharide

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26
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Polymer of glucose (storage of carbs in animals)

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27
Q

What are lipids composed of?

A

Triacylgylcerols

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28
Q

What are triacylglycerols?

A

3 fatty acids esterified to one glycerol

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29
Q

Compared to carbohydrates and proteins how much oxygen do fats contain what does this mean in terms of energy that can be obtained from them? Explain why.

A

Fats contain less (more reduced)

Release more energy because they can be oxidised more

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30
Q

Fats are needed because they aid the absorption of what from the gut?

A

Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E & K)

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31
Q

Name the two essential fatty acids that cannot be synthesised by the body

A

Linoleic and linolenic

32
Q

Name an anion

A

Chloride (anything negative)

33
Q

Name a cation

A

Potassium ion (anything positive)

34
Q

Why are mineral essential in the body? (4)

A

Electrolytes establish ion Minerals give structure (teeth and bones)
Signalling molecules
Enzyme co-factors

35
Q

How would you calculate the amount of electrolyte to give a patient in routine maintenance?

A

1mmol/kg/day of each electrolyte - (Na+,K+, Cl- )

36
Q

What are vitamins soluble in?

A

Water or fat

37
Q

Name the fat soluble vitamins (4)

A

K
E
A
D

(Remember: vitamins are the KEA to successes, Don’t worry about them)

38
Q

What is vitamin A deficiency called?

A

Xerophthalmia

39
Q

What does vitamin E deficiency cause?

A

Neurological abnormalities

40
Q

What does a vitamin D deficiency cause?

A

Rickets

41
Q

What does vitamin K deficiency cause?

A

Defective blood clotting

42
Q

Name some water soluble vitamins (10)

A 
B1 (thiamin)
B12
B6
Biotin
C
Choline
Folate
Niacin
Pantothenic acid
Riboflavin
43
Q

Which vitamins are essential for DNA synthesis? Are they fat or water soluble?

A

B12 and Folate

Water soluble

44
Q

What does a vitamin B12 deficiency cause?

A

Anaemia

45
Q

What does a folate vitamin deficiency cause?

A

Nerual tube defects and anaemia

46
Q

Why is fibre necessary but how is it different from the rest of the nutritional components in a diet?

A

It aids normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract

Yet cannot be broken down and digested by human digestive enzymes

47
Q

What is the recommended average daily intake of fibre for adults?

A

18g/day

48
Q

What can a low fibre diet be associated with?

A

Constipation and bowel cancer

49
Q

What can a high fibre diet be shown to reduce?

A

Cholesterol and risk of diabetes

50
Q

What is the average daily energy expenditure of a 70kg man and a 58kg women?

A

Man- 12,000kJ

Women- 9,500kJ

51
Q

What 3 things contribute to daily energy expenditure?

A
  • Energy to support basal metabolism-Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
  • Energy for voluntary physical activities
  • Energy for processing food
52
Q

What is basal metabolic rate?

A

Measure of the basal energy required to maintain life

53
Q

What are the 4 major tissues contributing to the BMR?

A

Skeletal muscle
Central nervous system
Liver
Heart

54
Q

What is the BMR for the average man and women per day?

A

Man- 7,000kJ
Woman- 5,800kJ

(BMR=100 x weight[kg])

55
Q

How can you quantify the energy expenditure for voluntary physical activity?

A

Sedentary person-BMR+30%
2hrs of moderate exercise a day- BMR+60-70%
Several hrs of heavy exercise a day- BMR+100%

56
Q

What is diet-induced thermogenesis?

A

The energy spend processing food

57
Q

How is diet-induced thermogenesis quantified?

A

10% of the energy contained in the ingested food

58
Q

How much of our energy should we be getting from fats, carbs and protein?

A

Fats-30%
Carb-55%
Protein-15%

59
Q

Name some tissues that require a constant supply of glucose as a source of energy (2)

A

Brain and red blood cells

60
Q

Why are the essential fatty acids important?

A

They are structural components of cell membranes and precursors of important regulatory molecules (eicosanoids).

61
Q

What is an adult males average daily requirement for protien?

A

35g (.5g/kg body weight)

62
Q

What does a B1 (thiamin) deficiency cause?

A

Beriberi

63
Q

What does a B6 deficiency cause?

A

Dermatitis, anaemia

64
Q

What does a Biotin deficiency cause?

A

Alopecia, scaly skin, CNS defects

65
Q

What does a C deficiency cause?

A

Scurvy

66
Q

What does a choline deficiency cause?

A

Liver damage

67
Q

What does a niacin deficiency cause?

A

Pellagra

68
Q

What does a pantothenic acid deficiency cause?

A

Fatigue, apathy

69
Q

What does a riboflavin deficiency cause?

A

Ariboflavinosis

70
Q

How do you calculate BMI?

A

BMI= weight(kg)/ height^2 (m^2)

71
Q

How can BMI results be interpreted?

A 
<18.5 =underweight
18.5-24.9 = desirable
25-29.9 =overweight 
20-34.9 =obese
>35 =severely obese
72
Q

What is the name of the two types of low protein intake conditions? what are the obvious features?

A

Kwashiorkor
A bloated stomach (oedema caused by decreases in plasma oncotic pressure)

Marasmus- emancipated with obvious signs of muscle wasting and loss of body fat. Hair is thin and dry, diarrhoea and anaemia can occur

73
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate?

A

The rate of metabolism need to maintain resting activities of the body

74
Q

What is the term used to describe the amount of energy required to process food?

A

Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT)

75
Q

What factors effect basal metabolic rate? (5)

A

Body size (surface area)

Gender (males higher than females)

Environmental temp (increase in cold)

Endocrine status (increased in hyperthyroidism)

Body temp (12% increase per degree)

MEH (Milly's) (39 decks)

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