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MEH (Milly's) > Introduction To The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Introduction To The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of a control system?

A
  1. Communication (Nervous system, afferent and efferent branche/endocrine -hormones-paracrine and autocrine)
  2. Control centre: determines the reference set point, analyse afferent input and determine the appropriate response
  3. Receptors: chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, proprioceptors or nociceptors
  4. Effectors: ie sweat glands
  5. Feedback: the output (effect) has an effect on the control centre
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2
Q

What are the two important control centres in the brain?

A

Hypothalamus in the diencephalic

Medulla oblongata in brain stem

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3
Q

What is a benefit to negative feedback?

A

Give stability to control system and allows the set point to be controlled within fine limits.

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4
Q

What glands secrete hormones?

A

Endocrine glands

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5
Q

What are the 4 types of hormones?

A
  1. Peptide/polypeptide: amino acids
  2. Glycoproteins: large protein molecules with carbohydrate side chains
  3. Amino acid derivatives (amines): small molecules synthesised from amino acids
  4. Steroid hormones: cholesterol derived
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6
Q

Give examples of a peptide/polypeptide hormone

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Growth hormone
Placental lactogen

*all water soluble

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7
Q

Give an example glycoprotein hormone

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulation hormone (FSH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

*secreted by the anterior pituitary glands

** all water soluble

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8
Q

Give an example amino acid derivative hormone

A

Adrenaline (from tyrosine)
Noradrenaline (from tyrosine)
Thyroid hormones (from tyrosine)
Melatonin (from tryptophan)

Adrenal medulla hormones- water soluble
Thyroid hormones- lipid soluble

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9
Q

Give an example of a steroid hormone

A

Cortisol
Aldosterone
Testosterone
Oestrogen

  • all lipid soluble
  • *work on intracellular receptors
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10
Q

How are polypeptide hormones and catecholamines normally stored?

A

Within vesicles

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11
Q

How are steroid hormones usually stored within tissues?

A

Not as mature hormones but as precursors (cholesterol) in form of lipid droplet

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12
Q

How does the thyroid gland stores its hormonal products?

A

Outside the cell in the form of a protein colloid

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13
Q

Hydrophilic hormones such as polypeptides, glycoproteins and adrenaline are transported in the blood stream dissolved in the plasma, how are steroid and thyroid hormones transported and why?

A

Need specialised transport proteins because they are hydrophobic (lipophilic)

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14
Q

In the case of hormones that are bound to proteins in the blood, what specific concentration is it that effects the response of target tissues?

A

The concentration of the free (UNbound) hormones

Those that are bound are biologically inactive

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15
Q

What happens if someone has a growth hormone deficiency?

A

They dont grow properly

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16
Q

What causes acromegaly?

A

An excess of growth hormone

*this has metabolic effects as well as characteristic changes to the shape of the face and body

17
Q

Above what blood glucose concentration is insulin secreted?

A

5mM (ie following a meal)

18
Q

Hormones, instead of being controlled by negative feedback (like insulin), are controlled by another hormone. What is the name given to the stimulating hormone involved in this mechanism?

A

Tropic hormones

19
Q

Where are most tropic hormones secreted from?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

20
Q

Name some organs and tissues around the body that produce hormones, name the hormones that each produces

A 
Heart: ANP and BNP
Liver: IGF1
Stomach: gastrin, ghrelin
Placenta: inhibin, placental lactogen 
Adipose: leptin
Kidney: erythropoietin, renin, calcitriol
21
Q

What are the roles of hormone carrying proteins?

A
  1. Increase solubility of hormone in plasma
  2. Increase half-life
  3. Really accessible reserve
22
Q

What are the 3 main factors determining the hormone levels in the blood?

A
  1. Rate of production
  2. Rate of delivery (high blood flow to particular organ will deliver more hormone)
  3. Rate of degradation
23
Q

What receptors do water soluble hormones bind to?

A

Cell surface receptors

Ie GPCR eg adrenaline
Tyrosine kinase eg insulin receptor

24
Q

What effect does a ligand have on a tyrosine kinase receptor?

A

It causes auto-phosphorylation of specific tyrosine (adding phosphate group to itself) and recruits adaptor proteins and signalling complex

25
Q

What receptors do lipid soluble hormones bind to?

A

Intracellular receptors

Ie cytoplasmic receptor
Pre-bound receptor on DNA

26
Q

What are the second messengers of the lipid soluble receptors?

A

HRE- hormone response element

Receptors bind to the specific DNA sequence-the HRE-in the promoter region of specific genes and causes the expression of new proteins

MEH (Milly's) (39 decks)

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