Nutrition & CVD

Question 1

What are the 6 main types of CVD?

Answer 1

Coronary Heart Disease
Stroke
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Congenital Heart Disease
Deep Vein Thrombosis & pulmonary embolism

Question 2

What is rheumatic heart disease?

Answer 2

A streptococcal bacterial infection causes rheumatic fever which damages heart muscle and valves.

Question 3

What is rheumatic fever?

Answer 3

When the bodies antibodies attack your own tissue instead of the invading infection, particularly the heart

Question 4

What is a stroke?

Answer 4

A sudden localised loss of brain function due to a lack of blood flow because of ischaemia or haemorrhage.

Question 5

What vessels are affected by peripheral vascular disease?

Answer 5

Aorta, Iliac & Leg arteries usually

Question 6

What is the main cause of cardiovascular disease?

Answer 6

Atherosclerosis, where fatty deposits and plague build up within the arteries slowing the flow of blood and increasing risk of thrombosis.

Question 7

What dietary factors promote atherogenesis?

Answer 7

High cholesterol
" Saturated FA
" Trans FA
" Sodium
Alcohol

Question 8

What do Saturated FA do to promote atherogenesis?

Answer 8

They inhibit LDL receptors so cholesterol isnt internalised in cells thus inducing hypercholesterolemia

Question 9

What do trans fats do to promote atherogenesis?

Answer 9

Raise LDL cholesterol and plasma TAG whilst lowering HDL cholesterol (the good cholesterol)

Question 10

What are the benefits of replacing sat fats, trans fats with other energy sources?

Answer 10

Replacing 1% of your energy intake from sat fats with unsat fats reduces CHD risk by 2-3%
Doing the same with trans fats reduces risk by 12%

Question 11

What does sodium intake do to cause CVD?

Answer 11

Lots of salt increases renal reabsorption of water thus increasing plasma volume and BP. This increases your risk of thrombosis

Question 12

What effect does alcohol have on CVD?

Answer 12

It increases blood pressure thus increasing risk of thrombosis and stroke

Question 13

What dietary factors are anti-atherogenic?

Answer 13

PUFA (A Sat Fat substitute)
A carbohydrate rich diet
NSP (non starch polysaccharide)
MUFA (monounsaturated FA, replaces Sat Fats and lowers LDL & total cholesterol)
Antioxidants

Question 14

What is PUFA?

Answer 14

A Sat Fat substitue, comes in several types
N-6 PUFA lowers HDL & LDL
N-3 PUFA lowers TAG and is an anti-inflammatory & anti-thrombotic. (found in fish oil)

Question 15

What effect does blood omega-3 FA level have on risk of sudden cardiac death?

Answer 15

Higher blood Omega-3 FA level massively reduces risk

Question 16

What are the effect of whole wheat flour vs white flour?

Answer 16

eating ~3 portions a day of Whole wheat flour & oats/barley can reduce risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD) and Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) by 20-30%