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B3. Cardiovascular system > Anatomy of the CVS 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy of the CVS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What tissues lack blood vessels?

A

Cartilage and The epidermis both receive a nutrient supply by diffusion from the blood supply of underlying tissues

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2
Q

What is a portal system?

A

Two sets of capillaries connected by a portal vein which isn’t part of the normal path of circulation.

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3
Q

What is the hepatic portal circulation?

A

The hepatic portal vein connects the capillaries of the digestive tract with those of the liver.

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4
Q

What forms the right border of the heart?

A

The Right atrium and a little the right ventricle

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5
Q

What chambers make up the left border of the heart?

A

The left ventricle. Also known as the apex of the heart.

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6
Q

What makes up the anterior border of the heart?

A

The right atrium, left ventricle and right ventricle. (the right ventricle is about 1/2 the border)

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7
Q

What makes the posterior border of the heart?

A

The left atrium. Also known as the base

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8
Q

What chambers form the inferior border of the heart?

A

Mainly the right ventricle with the left contributing near the apex.

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9
Q

What do we call the veins & arteries that supply the heart itself with blood?

A

Coronary Arteries

Cardiac Veins

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10
Q

Into what vessels do the cardiac veins drain?

A

First the Coronary Sinus then into the right atrium

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11
Q

What is contained in the anterior mediastinum?

A

Thymus gland or remnants
Fat
Ligaments

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12
Q

What plane separates the superior & inferior mediastinum and what level is it at?

A

The thoracic plane at T4.

It passes through the sternal angle.

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13
Q

Where on the surface is the apex of the heart?

A

The 5th left intercostal space in the mid-clavicular line.

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14
Q

What is situs inversus?

A

A congenital condition where pretty much everything internally has been inverted around the middle axis to the other side.
People are usually asymptomatic but it can be very confusing.

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15
Q

Whats the difference in the heart with a child?

A

A child’s is higher and more horizontal

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16
Q

What structures are considered lateral to the heart?

A

The lungs and phrenic nerves

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17
Q

What structures are found posterior to the heart>

A

The oesophagus
Descending aorta
Thoracic Vertebrae T5-T8

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18
Q

What structures are anterior to the heart?

A

The anterior edges of the lung/pleurae
Thymic remnants
The sternum
Costal cartilages 4-7

19
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall & what surrounds it?

A

Innermost - Endocardium
Middle - Myocardium (cardiac muscle)
Outermost - Epicardium (Visceral Pericardium)

All surrounded by a pericardial cavity and serous parietal pericardium. Around that is a fibrous pericardium.

20
Q

What makes up the endocardium?

A

A layer of squamous epithelium on a basement membrane with some connective tissue.

21
Q

What makes up the epicardium?

A

Connective tissue + a basement membrane with simple squamous epithelium on it.
The epithelium of the epicardium is also the serous visceral pericardium.

22
Q

What layer of the heart wall forms the valves?

A

The endocardium (also lines the heart chambers)

23
Q

What connects the myocytes in the myocardium?

A

Intercalated Discs.

Which are made of gap junctions (electrical communication) & desmosomes (binding myocytes together)

24
Q

What do intercalated discs allow?

A

The cardiac muscle to act as a functional syncytium. All contracting simultaneously and as one.

25
Q

How does cardiac muscle appear in histology?

A

Faintly Striated
Branching
Mononucleated
Connected by intercalated discs

26
Q

Which section of the heart wall can put on fat?

A

The epicardium

27
Q

What are cusps and how many are in each valve?

A

thin structures derived from the endocaridum that make up the valves.

All the valves have 3 cusps (tricuspid) except the mitral which has 2 (bicuspid), L atrium to L ventricle.

28
Q

What do chordae tendinae and papillary muscle do?

A

They prevent the valves from turning inside out and failing and to function.

29
Q

What is incompetance and stenosis of a heart valve?

A

Incompetence is widening of the valve

Stenosis is narrowing of the valve

30
Q

What do we call an infection of the heart valves?

A

Bacterial Endocarditis

31
Q

What are the 4 valves?

A

R Atrium -> R ventricle = Tricuspid Valve
R Ventricle -> Pulmonary Trunk = Pulmonary Valve
L Atrium -> L ventricle = Mitral or Bicuspid Valve
L Ventricle -> Aorta = Aortic Valve

32
Q

What do we call the aortic and pulmonary valve?

A

Semilunar valves

33
Q

What do we call the tricuspid and mitral valves?

A

Atrioventricular Valves

34
Q

What happens when a valve has stenosis?

A

It narrows and the chamber must generate a greater pressure to force blood out resulting in hypertrophy and eventually cardiac failure.

35
Q

What happens to an incompetent valve?

A

It cant close properly so there is some regurgitation of blood and the chamber must work harder. again leading to hypertrophy and cardiac failure.

36
Q

What are the 2 functions of connective tissue in the heart? and what is it also known as?

A

Structural support in the form of the:

  • Atrioventricular septum
  • roots and anchorage of great vessels
  • supports myocytes and capillaries.

Electrical insulation:

  • Separates atria from ventricles to prevent simultaneously contraction.
  • Separates myocardium from great vessels so the vessels don’t contract.

Its also known as the Cardiac Skeleton.

37
Q

Why does blood only enter the coronary arteries during distole?

A

During systole:

  • The aortic valve is open
  • the cusps block the openings in the aorta to the aortic sinuses

During Diastole:

  • The valve shuts
  • The aortic sinuses are exposes and blood flows in from the aorta.
38
Q

Why does blood only enter the heart’s capillaries during distole?

A

Because during systole the heart is contracted cutting off the capillaries.

39
Q

In what layer of the heart are its coronary arteries found?

A

In or on the epicardium

40
Q

What happens when theres occlusion (blockage) of a coronary artery?

A

Heart Attack

41
Q

What are the attachments of the heart?

A

It sits in a dense connective tissue bag called the fibrous pericardium.
Its attached to the Sternum, Central Tendon of the diaphragm and hangs from the roots of the great vessels.

42
Q

what is the function of pericardial fluid within the serous membrane?

A

It acts as a lubicant

43
Q

To what are the serous membranes bound to?

A

The parietal layer is bound to the fibrous pericardium

The Visceral Layer is bound to the heart as part of the epicardium

44
Q

What is the function of the serous pericardium?

A

To allow freedom of movement to the heart during the cardiac cycle.

B3. Cardiovascular system (49 decks)

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