Nutrition, Body Weight and Homeostasis

Question 1

Define anabolic processes

Answer 1

Processes that use energy and raw materials to make larger molecules for growth and maintenance

Question 2

Define energy

Answer 2

The capacity to do work

Question 3

What are the 5 types of work in the body and give an example of each?

Answer 3

biosynthetic work - synthesis of cellular components
transport work - movement of ions and nutrients
mechanical work - muscle contraction
electrical work - nervous conduction
osmotic work - kidney function

Question 4

What type of energy do cells use?

Answer 4

Chemical bond energy

Question 5

Define 1Kcal

Answer 5

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1 degree celsius

Question 6

How many essential amino acids are there and what are they?

Answer 6

There are 9 essential amino acids:

isoleucine, lysine, threonine, histidine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, valine

Question 7

Name 2 essential fatty acids

Answer 7

linolenic

linoleic

Question 8

What disease does vitamin D deficiency lead to?

Answer 8

Rickets

Question 9

What disease does vitamin C deficiency lead to?

Answer 9

Scurvy

Question 10

What disease does vitamin B12 deficiency lead to?

Answer 10

Anaemia

Question 11

Why can’t humans digest cellulose?

Answer 11

We do not possess the enzymes to break down the beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds that are present in cellulose.

Question 12

State 2 things that a high fibre diet should reduce

Answer 12

cholesterol levels

risk of diabetes

Question 13

State 2 things that can occur as a result of a low fibre diet

Answer 13

constipation

bowel cancer

Question 14

What is the BMR and which processes affect it?

Answer 14

BMR = basal metabolic rate

Maintenance of cells, function of organs and maintaining body temperature

Question 15

What factors affect BMR?

Answer 15

body size
gender
endocrine status
external and internal temperature

Question 16

Define obesity

Answer 16

The excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue which impairs health. BMI>30

Question 17

What is the BMI equation?

Answer 17

BMI = (weight(kg)) / (height^2(m^2))

Question 18

What is Kwashiorkor?

Answer 18

A form of malnutrition. Low protein intake leads to insufficient blood protein synthesis which leads to a decrease in plasma oncotic pressure and oedema.

Question 19

What is the equation for Starling’s Law of the Capillary? Define each part of it.

Answer 19

Flow (net) = (Pc - Pi) - ( πc - πi)

Flow(net) = net flow of fluid from capillary to interstitium
Pc = hydrostatic pressure of capillary 
Pi = hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid 
πc = oncotic pressure of capillary 
πi = oncotic pressure of interstitial fluid

Question 20

Which hormone acts solely on the liver?

Answer 20

Glucagon

stimulates glycogenolysis

Question 21

Define catabolic processes

Answer 21

Processes that break down molecules to release energy in the form of reducing power

Question 22

What does RNI stand for?

Answer 22

Reference nutrient intake

Question 23

What does EAR stand for?

Answer 23

Estimated average requirement

Question 24

What does LRNI stand for?

Answer 24

Lower reference nutrient intake

Question 25

What are DRVs?

Answer 25

Dietary reference values