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Metabolism > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What do nociceptors do?

A

Allow us to feel pain

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2
Q

What is the afferent pathway?

A

The pathway from the receptor to the control centre.

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3
Q

What is the efferent pathway?

A

The pathway from the control centre to the effector.

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4
Q

Name 2 examples of positive feedback

A

blood clotting and ovulation

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5
Q

What is a nucleus in the brain?

A

A cluster of neurones within the brain

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6
Q

What is a circadian/diurnal rhythm?

A

The set point of something set by the control centre in the body can vary over the day.

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7
Q

How long is the oscillation of the circadian rhythm?

A

24 hours

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8
Q

How can the circadian rhythm be changed?

A

By external cues in the local environment called zeitgebers

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9
Q

What is jet lag?

A

Crossing of time zones which results in a mismatch between the environmental cues (zeitgebers) and the body clock.

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10
Q

What is the role of melatonin?

A

Involved in setting the biological clock

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11
Q

What are the 3 main compartments of water?

A

intracellular fluid (most), extracellular fluid and blood plasma (least)

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12
Q

Define osmolarity

A

The number of osmoles per litre of solution

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13
Q

Define osmolality

A

The number of osmoles per kg of solution

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14
Q

What is one molar?

A

1 mole of substance per 1 litre

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15
Q

Define osmole

A

The amount of substance that dissociates in solution to form one mole of osmotically active particles.

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16
Q

Where is the biological clock located?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus in the brain

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17
Q

What does a high blood osmolality mean?

A

There is a high concentration of solutes in the blood so water moves out of cells.

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18
Q

How is high blood osmolality reduced?

A

drinking water

more ADH secretion so more water is reabsorbed in collecting ducts

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19
Q

What is low blood osmolality?

A

A low concentration of solutes in the blood so water moves into cells.

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20
Q

Where is the pineal gland?

A

In the brain

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21
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A collection of glands located throughout the body.

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22
Q

Name the 4 mechanisms by which hormones work

A

autocrine, paracrine, endocrine and neurocrine

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23
Q

Name a molecule that acts as a neurotransmitter and a hormone

A

dopamine

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24
Q

What are the 4 classifications of hormones?

A

peptide, amino acid derivatives, glycoproteins and steroids

25
Q

Give examples of peptide hormones

A

insulin, glucagon and growth hormone

26
Q

Give examples of amino acid derivative hormones

A

adrenaline, noradrenaline and thyroid hormone

27
Q

Are the thyroid hormones lipid or water soluble?

A

Lipid soluble

28
Q

Are the adrenal medulla hormones lipid or water soluble?

A

Water soluble

29
Q

Give examples of glycoprotein hormones

A

LH, FSH and TSH

30
Q

Give examples of steroid hormones

A

cortisol, aldosterone and testosterone

31
Q

Are glycoprotein hormones lipid or water soluble?

A

Water soluble

32
Q

Which form of hormone is biologically active?

A

Free form - unbound

33
Q

What is the role of carrier proteins?

A

increase solubility of hormones in plasma

increase half-life

34
Q

What factors determine hormone level?

A

rate of production, rate of delivery and rate of degradation

35
Q

Do lipid or water soluble hormones have the faster response?

A

Water soluble

36
Q

Where do water soluble hormones bind and why?

A

receptors on the cell surface membrane

cannot cross through the plasma membrane

37
Q

What are the 2 major classes of cell surface receptors?

A

G proteins

tyrosine kinase domains

38
Q

Where do lipid soluble hormones bind?

A

to intracellular receptors

39
Q

What are the 2 types of intracellular receptor?

A

cytoplasmic receptor: binds hormone and then the whole complex enters nucleus to bind DNA

nucleus receptor: hormones enters the nucleus and binds to pre-bound receptor on DNA

40
Q

Name a hormone that uses intracellular nuclear receptors

A

thyroid hormone

41
Q

Where do receptors bind in the nucleus?

A

specific DNA sequences called hormone response elements (HRE)
in promoter regions of specific genes

42
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

Beneath the hypothalamus in a socket of bone

43
Q

Which part of the pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus and how is it connected?

A

posterior pituitary is connected via the pituitary stalk (infundibulum)

44
Q

What is secreted from the posterior pituitary?

A

oxytocin and ADH

45
Q

Where are oxytocin and ADH synthesised?

A

in the hypothalamus

46
Q

How does secretion from the anterior pituitary work?

A

hormones from hypothalamus transported down axons and stored in median eminence
released into hypophyseal portal system
stimulates hormone synthesis and secretion in anterior pituitary

47
Q

What is the function of oxytocin?

A

milk let down and uterus contractions during birth

48
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A

Regulation of body water volume

49
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

Hormones that affect the release of other hormones

50
Q

What are trophic hormones?

A

Hormones that affect growth

51
Q

What are the 6 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary?

A

TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, prolactin and GH

52
Q

What is the function of TSH?

A

promote secretion of thyroxine

53
Q

What is the function of ACTH?

A

promote secretion of hormones from adrenal cortex - mainly cortisol

54
Q

What is the function of LH?

A

ovulation and secretion of sex hormones

55
Q

What is the function of FSH?

A

development of eggs and sperm

56
Q

What is the function of prolactin?

A

mammary gland development and milk secretion

57
Q

What is the function of growth hormone?

A

promote growth and energy metabolism

58
Q

What do proprioceptors do?

A

Give us an awareness of body position

Metabolism (17 decks)

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