Appetite Flashcards
Where is the appetite control centre?
Arcuate nucleus at the bottom of the hypothalamus
What does the arcuate nucleus detect?
fatty acids and hormone concentration in blood
What are the 2 types of primary neurones?
stimulatory and inhibitory
What are the stimulatory molecules released from the primary neurone?
NPY (neuropeptide Y)
AgRP (Agouti related peptide)
What is the precursor to and the 2 molecules that inhibit hunger?
POMC = precursor
alpha-MSH and beta-endorphin
Which hormone is released from the stomach when empty and what does it do?
Ghrelin
Stimulates excitatory primary neurones to stimulates appetite
Name the hunger-inhibiting hormones
PYY
Leptin
Insulin
Amylin
Where is PYY released and why?
released in the ileum and colon in response to feeding
suppresses appetite
Where is leptin secreted?
Adipocytes (adipose tissue)
Where is amylin secreted?
beta cells in the pancreas
What is pramlinlide?
amylin analogue
suppresses appetite
treatment for type II diabetes
Do obese patients respond to leptin injections?
No
Unless the cause of their obesity is loss of function of leptin gene which is incredibly rare
What are the alternative names for metabolic syndrome?
syndrome X
insulin resistance syndrome
cardiometabolic syndrome
Reaven’s syndrome
Define syndrome
A group or recognisable pattern of symptoms or abnormalities that indicate a particular trait or disease.
Define metabolic syndrome
A cluster of the most dangerous risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease.
What are the risk factors of metabolic syndrome?
abdominal obesity hypertension insulin resistance raised fasting glucose dyslipidaemia
What must a patient have to be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome?
central obesity + 2 of the other factors
What are the primary interventions to treat metabolic syndrome?
calorie restriction
increase in physical activity
healthier diet
What are the secondary interventions to treat metabolic syndrome?
statins to reduce cholesterol
antihypertensive drugs
Anti-diabetic drugs eg. oral hypoglycaemics
Children of pregnant women exposed to famine were more susceptible to what?
diabetes
obesity
cardiovascular disease
What can affect epigenetic mechanisms?
diet ageing development environmental chemicals drugs
What is DNA methylation?
Tagging a methyl group to DNA to activate or repress genes.
Define obesity
The chronic imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. BMI>30
