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Biology S3 > nutrition and transport in flowering plants > Flashcards

nutrition and transport in flowering plants Flashcards

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1
Q

what is autotrophic nutrition

A

In autotrophic nutrition the organism builds up the organic molecules that it requires from simple inorganic molecules, such as carbon dioxide and water. This process requires an energy source.

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2
Q

what is photoautotroph

A

If the energy source is light energy, the type of nutrition is called photoautotrophic nutrition.
Green plants are photoautotrophs. They carry out photosynthesis.

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3
Q

what are chemoautotrophs

A

If the energy source comes from specific chemical reactions that the organisms are able to catalyse, these non-green organisms are called chemoautotrophs.

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4
Q

what is heterotrophic nutrition

A

Animals cannot manufacture organic molecules from inorganic molecules. They depend directly or indirectly on organic molecules made by photosynthetic plants. The way animals feed is called heterotrophic nutrition.

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5
Q

what is needed for photosynthesis to take place

A

For photosynthesis to take place, light energy, water, carbon dioxide and chlorophyll are required.

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6
Q

describer the process of photosynthesis

A

Photosynthesis is the process whereby carbohydrates are synthesised from carbon dioxide and water by green plants using energy from sunlight which is absorbed by chlorophyll.

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7
Q

how does the plant obtain ATP

A

Light energy is absorbed by the green pigment chlorophyll in the chloroplasts of leaf cells. This light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP molecules. The ATP molecules are channelled to the light-independent stage.

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8
Q

what is photolysis of water

A

Light energy is also used to split water molecules into oxygen gas and hydrogen ions. This process is called photolysis of water.

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9
Q

after water molecules is split, what is the hydrogen used for

A

The hydrogen ions are used to reduce NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) to NADPH.

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10
Q

what does NADPH do

A

NADPH is then used in the light-independent stage to reduce carbon dioxide to glucose.
(reduce as in changing a substance into smt)

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11
Q

what does the process of reduction by NADPH require

A

This process of reduction requires chemical energy in the form of ATP molecules from the light-dependent stage.

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12
Q

y is the light-independent stage temperature dependent

A

Enzymes are needed in the light-independent stage, thus it is temperature dependent.

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13
Q

what is the thylakoid membrane

A

the membrane surrounding the thylakoid. It’s where the photosynthetic reactions occur.

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14
Q

Light-dependent stage vs Light-independent stage
what is the process

A

LD - photosynthesis
LI - calvin cycle

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15
Q

Light-dependent stage vs Light-independent stage
Site of occurrence in chloroplast

A

LD - thylakoid membrane
LI - stroma

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16
Q

Light-dependent stage vs Light-independent stage
requirement for their process

A

LD - Light energy, water, chlorophyll
LI - Carbon dioxide, chemical energy (ATP molecules), hydrogen ions, enzymes

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17
Q

Light-dependent stage vs Light-independent stage
temperature sensitive?

A

LD - no
LI - yes

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18
Q

Light-dependent stage vs Light-independent stage
products formed from their processes

A

LD - Oxygen gas, hydrogen ions, chemical energy (ATP molecules)
LI -Glucose

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19
Q

what is cellular respiration in the plant

A

Glucose is used for cellular respiration in leaf cells, releasing chemical energy in the form of ATP molecules for anabolic processes, protoplasm build-up, cell division and active transport.

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20
Q

what is used to make the cellulose cell wall

A

Glucose is used to make the cellulose cell wall.

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21
Q

what happens to the extra glucose then

A

Excess glucose is converted to sucrose which is transported to storage organs (stem and root tubers) to be stored as starch.

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22
Q

how do leaves get ATP at night

A

During the day when the rate of photosynthesis is very high, sugar that accumulates in the leaves is converted into starch for temporary storage in the leaves. At night when photosynthesis stops, starch is reconverted into simple sugars to be used in cellular respiration. (Starch is digested by amylase to maltose and maltose is digested by maltase to glucose.)

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22
Q

how to destarch a plant

A
  1. leave it in darkness for 2-3 days
  2. In darkness, starch in the leaves will be hydrolysed to sugars and carried away to other parts of the plant.
  3. One of the leaves should be tested before the experiment begins to ensure that no starch is present.
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23
Q

how to test whether photosynethesis has occured

A

pout brown iodine. if iodine turn blue-black, starch present

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24
Q

at high light intensity how does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

temperature rise increases the rate of photosynthesis
but at 35degs, the temeprature denatures the enzymes and the rate of p[hotoynsthesis reduces

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25
Q

what could the limit on the increase on the rate of photosynthesis be due to

A

 all available chlorophyll in chloroplasts are fully utilised in light absorption
(light saturation point).
 there is not enough carbon dioxide in the air to be reduced by an increased supply of NADPH produced in the light-dependent stage
(carbon dioxide concentration is limiting factor).
Low temperature is restricting the rate of the light-independent stage
(temperature is limiting factor).

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26
Q

importance of photosynthesis

A
  1. light energy is transformed to chemical energy which is stored within carbohydrate molecules. From carbohydrates, fats and proteins formed. These become food for animals that depend directly or indirectly on plants.
  2. Photosynthesis helps to remove carbon dioxide from the air. It also produces oxygen that is used by living organisms in respiration.
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27
Q

4 parts of a green leaf

A

lamina(leaf blade) large flat surface compared to its volume.
petiole(leaf stalk) holds the lamina away from the stem.
midrib (main vein) is a continuation of the petiole into the leaf.
Network of veins containing vascular bundles branches from the midrib.

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28
Q

what is the epidermis in structure of the leaf

A

The epidermis is a single layer of cells on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf. The epidermis is covered by a waxy, waterproof layer, called the cuticle, that protects the leaf and prevents excessive evaporation of water.

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29
Q

what is the tissue between the upper and lower epidermis is called

A

The tissue between the upper and lower epidermis is called mesophyll.

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29
Q

upper vs lower mesophyll

A

 The upper, palisade mesophyll, with elongated cells and many chloroplasts
 The lower, spongy mesophyll, that vary in shape and fit loosely together, leaving many air spaces in between them

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30
Q

what does the vein of a leaf contain

A

The vein of the leaf contains vascular bundles.

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31
Q

what does the vascular bundle contain

A

Xylem vessels transport water and dissolved mineral salts to mesophyll cells.
Phloem sieve tubes transport sugars from mesophyll cells to other parts of the plant.

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32
Q

what is in the leaf epidermis

A

In the leaf epidermis there are structures called stomata

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33
Q

what is the stoma surrounded by

A

A stoma is surrounded by a pair of guard cells. In most dicotyledons, stomata occur only in the lower epidermis.

34
Q

guard cells shape and what do they contain

A

The guard cells are bean-shaped in surface view and they contain chloroplasts.

35
Q

when does the stomata of most species tend to open

A

The stomata of most species tend to open in the light and close in the dark.

36
Q

y do guard cells become turgid

A

In the light, potassium ions (K+) are actively accumulated in the guard cells, thus the water potential is more negative within the guard cells than neighbouring cells. Water molecules from
other cells enter the guard cells by osmosis across the selectively permeable cell membrane. The
turgor pressure inside the guard cells increases.

37
Q

how do the guard cells close

A

In darkness, potassium ions leave the guard cells, thus the water potential in the guard cells becomes less negative than that in neighbouring cells. Water molecules leave the guard cells by osmosis across the selectively permeable cell membrane. Turgor pressure inside the guard cells decreases. The guard cells straighten up and close the stomatal pore.

38
Q

how do the guard cells open

A

Cellulose microfibrils in the walls resist stretching and compression.
radial orientation of the microfibrils causes the cells to increase in length more than width when turgor increases.
The two guard cells are attached at their tips, so the increase in length causes buckling.

38
Q

how to test the rate of photosynthesis quantitatively

A

The rate of photosynthesis can be measured quantitatively by counting the number of air bubbles evolved from the aquatic plant over a period of 5 minutes.

39
Q

how are lipids formed

A

Lipids are formed from fatty acids and glycerol.

40
Q

how to vary light intensity for rate of photosynthesis tests

A

Lamp at varying distances from the plant

40
Q

factors that need to be kept constant in an aquatic plants rate of photosynthesis test

A
  • Watts of light bulb
  • Concentration of sodium hydrogencarbonate solution
  • Temperature of water bath
41
Q

how does carbon dioxide enter the leaf

A

In daylight when photosynthesis occurs, carbon dioxide in the leaf is rapidly used up. Carbon dioxide concentration in the leaf becomes lower than that in atmospheric air, thus a diffusion gradient exists.
Carbon dioxide diffuses into the systems of air spaces in the leaf. The surfaces of the mesophyll cells are covered by a thin film of water, so that carbon dioxide can dissolve in it.

42
Q

Most plants have numerous leaves that have a large surface area. function

A

Allows maximum absorption of light energy by chlorophyll in chloroplasts. Facilitates inward diffusion of carbon dioxide and enables light to reach all mesophyll cells.

43
Q

Epidermis having Thick external walls and with a waxy cuticle on outer surface. function

A

Protects leaf tissue from invasion by fungal parasites and from excessive water loss.

43
Q

Petiole holds lamina away from stem. fucntion

A

Holds leaf in position to absorb maximum light energy.

44
Q

Spongy mesophyll has Mostly spherical cells with some chloroplasts and large interconnecting air spaces in between them.

A

Facilitates gaseous exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen by diffusion.

44
Q

Stomata has Pores in the leaf epidermis between two guard cells; changes in turgidity of guard cells cause them to open or close.

A

Open in the light; allow diffusion of
carbon dioxide into the leaf and oxygen
out of the leaf.

45
Q

Palisade mesophyll has Elongated cells closely packed together with numerous chloroplasts.

A

Maximise light energy absorbed by
chlorophyll in the chloroplasts.

46
Q

Vascular bundles contain xylem and
phloem.

A

Xylem vessels deliver water and dissolved mineral salts to mesophyll cells. Phloem sieve tubes transport sugars away from the leaf.

47
Q

what are the The mineral elements needed by plants are absorbed from the soil in the form of salts.

A

Nitrate ions (NO3)
Sulfur in the form of sulfates (SO4^2-).
Phosphorus as phosphates (PO4^3-).
Magnesium ions (Mg2+)

48
Q

y does the plant need mineral salt, Nitrate ions (NO3)

A

provides nitrogen for the synthesis of amino acids from sugar molecules or smaller carbohydrate molecules. These amino acids are joined together to form proteins and enzymes

49
Q

what happens to leaves when they are deficient in magnesium ions

A

Deficiency of magnesium ions results in the yellowing of leaves in a process called chlorosis.

49
Q

y does the plant need mineral salt, Sulfur

A

Sulfur is a component of some amino acids which form proteins

50
Q

y does the plant need mineral salt, phosphorus

A

Phosphorus is needed for DNA and for energy transfer reactions.

51
Q

y does the plant need mineral salt, magnesium

A

chlorophyll synthesis, which forms part of its structure.

52
Q

Transport of materials in plants occurs on three levels:

A

 the uptake of water and solutes by individual cells, such as the absorption of water and minerals from the soil by cells of a root
short-distance transport of substances from cell to cell at the level of tissues and organs involving diffusion, osmosis and active transport
long-distance transport of substances within xylem and phloem at the level of the whole plant. Materials are generally moved by mass flow, the bulk transport of materials from one point to another at the same speed as a result of pressure difference between the two points

53
Q

what happens when Deficiency of nitrate ions

A

Deficiency of nitrate ions leads to poor growth (poorly developed roots and shoots) due to the lack of nitrogen which is needed for the synthesis of amino acids that make up proteins for protoplasm build-up.

54
Q

xylem tissue purpose

A

Xylem tissue conducts water and dissolved mineral salts from the roots to the stems and leaves and provides mechanical support for the plant.

55
Q

what does the xylem consist of

A

trachied and vessel element

55
Q

xylem structure function, End walls of adjacent cells joined end to end are broken down, forming a continuous vessel

A

Allows water to flow in a continuous column

56
Q

xylem structure function, No living protoplasm / hollow tube

A

Reduces resistance to flow of water

57
Q

A sieve tube is made of narrow elongated sieve tube members joined end to end.

A

Allows continuous, longitudinal flow of organic substances

57
Q

xylem structure function, Narrow tube

A

To overcome downward force of gravity

57
Q

whats the tissue between the phloem and the xylem called

A

The phloem lies outside the xylem with a tissue called the cambium in between them. The cambium cells can divide and differentiate to form new xylem and phloem, giving rise to thickening of the stem.

58
Q

xylem structure function, Hollow lumen lined with cellulose

A

Effective adhesion of water molecules to wall of xylem vessel

59
Q

xylem structure function, Lignin deposited on inner side of xylem vessel wall

A

Prevents collapse under large tension force set up by transpiration pull and makes wall of xylem vessel impermeable to water so that water does not divert from its route

60
Q

In a dicotyledonous stem, where are the xylem and phloem

A

stem, xylem and phloem are grouped together to form vascular bundles.
The vascular bundles are arranged in a ring round a central region called the pith. This pattern of arrangement helps the stem to resist the sideway bending forces caused by the *wind.**

60
Q

Adjacent cells separated by perforated end walls (sieve plates with pores)

A

Damaged sieve tubes may be sealed by plugging up sieve plate pores with P-protein (phloem protein) and callose (a carbohydrate), thus preventing further loss of sap

60
Q

A sieve tube member lacks a nucleus and most organelles and has a thin layer of cytoplasm

A

Allows a smooth flow of materials with little resistance

61
Q

Each sieve tube member is associated with one or more companion cells

A

Companion cells supply sieve tube members with ATP molecules and other substances

62
Q

what covers the stem (same as leaf)

A

The stem is covered by a layer of cells called the epidermis. The epidermal cells are protected by the cuticle which **prevents evaporation of water **from the stem.

62
Q

whats the cortex and pith

A

the pith is the very centre, the vascular bundles surround it, the cortex surrounds the vascular bundles and is encapsuled by the epidermis

63
Q

function of cortex and pith

A

store up food substances (starch)

63
Q

In the dicotyledonous root, how are the phloems and xylem positioned

A

In the dicotyledonous root, the xylem and phloem are not bundled together. They lie on different radii, alternating with each other. (the cross in the centre is xylem and the outsides are phloem)

63
Q

Dicotyledonous stem vs Monocotyledonous stem
vascular bundle placement

A

Dicot: Arranged in a ring
Monocot: Scattered throughout the stem

64
Q

Dicotyledonous stem vs Monocotyledonous stem
cambium presence?

A

dicot: yes
monocot: no

65
Q

what is the root cap

A

The root cap protects the root tip from injury. It consists of undifferentiated cells.

65
Q

Dicotyledonous stem vs Monocotyledonous stem
pith presence?

A

dicot: yes
monocot: no

65
Q

where is the cortex for the dicot root

A

The cortex (the region between the epidermis and stele) of the root is a storage tissue.

65
Q

what is the stele

A

The vascular tissue of the root is found in the centre of the root in a region called the stele

66
Q

what is the piliferous layer

A

The epidermis of the root bearing root hairs is called the piliferous layer. The outer wall of these cells extends outwards to form root hairs without any cuticle.

66
Q

What are companion cells

A

Each sieve tube member is associated with one or more companion cells
Companion cells supply sieve tube members with ATP molecules and other substances

66
Q

dicot vs monocot root
number of xylem tissue ridges

A

Dicot :Consists of three, four or five ridges of xylem tissue
monocot: Consists of many (more than 5) ridges of xylem tissue

66
Q

dicot vs monocot root
presence of pith?

A

dicot: absent
monocot: Present at the centre of roots in most plants

Biology S3 (6 decks)

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