Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology S3 > CELLS > Flashcards

CELLS Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell function

A

is the building block of structures in living things.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how are cells derived

A

cell division.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does the information in cells do

A

is used as instructions for growth, development and functioning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does protoplasm consist of

A

the nucleus, cytoplasm and cell surface membrane (plasma membrane).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 things the nucleus consists of

A

1.Chromatin threads
2.Nucleolus,
3.Nucleoplasm,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chromatin threads function

A

it contains hereditary material DNA. *They condense into chromosomes during cell division.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nucleolus function

A

a spherical structure where components of ribosomes, essential for the formation of proteins, are synthesised and assembled.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is nucleoplasm

A

it is dense protoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the nucleus surrounded by

A

The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope, which is a double membrane perforated by nuclear pores.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

2 nucleus function

A
  1. controls cell activities such as biochemical reactions, cell growth and repair.
    2.It is essential for cell division. Nuclear division is the basis of cell division and reproduction, and thus continued survival of the organism.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cytoplasm vs cytosol

A

cytoplasm is everything in the cells besides the nucleus(e.g. cytosol, organelles)
cytosol is the semi-fluid liquid in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

mitochondrion function

A

the main site of ATP production in aerobic respiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

mitochondrion shape

A

rod shaped or cylindrical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are mitochondria bounded by

A

they are bounded by double membranes(both are phospholipid bilayer)
The outer and inner membranes are separated by the inter-membrane space.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

mitochondria outer vs inner membrane

A

The outer membrane is a smooth continuous boundary while the inner membrane is extensively folded to form cristae which project into the semi-fluid matrix.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

mitcondria DNA shape

A

circular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

chloroplasts function

A

organelles where photosynthesis takes place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

chloroplasts typical length

A

chloroplasts are large organelles, a few µm in diameter and 5-10 µm in length. (millimeter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what surrounds the chloroplasts

A

surrounded by 2 membranes, whcih forms the chloroplast envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does chloroplast contain

A

chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments called thylakoids(green) which are stacked to form grana(sing.granum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are stacks of grana joined by

A

intergranal lamellae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the interior of a chloroplast filled with

A

a gel-like matrix called stroma. It contains soluble enzymes and circular DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

vacuole function

A

A large, central vacuole in a plant cell is a fluid-filled space enclosed by a membrane (tonoplast) that pushes the cytoplasm to the edge of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the liquid in the vacuole called

A

cell sap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what does the cell sap contain

A

The fluid (cell sap) in plant cells contains water, dissolved sugars, salts and amino acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

can animal cells have vacuoles

A

Animal cells may contain many small, non-permanent vacuoles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

ribosome function

A

Ribosomes are sites where the cell makes proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

free vs bound ribosomes

A

Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytoplasm. They usually make proteins for use in the cell.
Bound ribosomes are attached to the membranous network called the endoplasmic reticulum and they usually make proteins for secretion from the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what does endoplasmic reticulum contain

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) consists of a network of flattened, membrane-bound sacs called cisternae (sing. cisterna).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

where does endoplasmic reticulum originate from

A

the outer membrane of the nucleus, to which it oftens remain attached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

rough vs smooth ER

A

Rough ER appears rough because ribosomes are attached to the outer surface. This is the site of synthesis of proteins which are packaged in membranous vesicles and secreted across the cell membrane.
Smooth ER lacks ribosomes. Smooth ER is more tubular than rough ER. Smooth ER is the site of synthesis of lipids such as fats and steroids and detoxification of harmful substances into harmless substances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what does GOLGI BODY contain

A

stack of **flattened membranous sacs **also known as cisternae and a system of associated vesicles called Golgi vesicles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

golgi body function

A

receives proteins and lipids from the ER and **modifies them chemically **before sorting and repackaging them into secretory vesicles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what do the secretary vesicles do

A

The secretory vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and release the secretory proteins, for example, enzymes, to the exterior of the cell via a process known as exocytosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

LYSOSOME physical description

A

Lysosomes are spherical vesicles bounded by a single membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what do lysosomes contain and its function

A

They contain digestive enzymes that can break down macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, fats and nucleic acids. Macromolecules found in bacteria that have been engulfed by white blood cells are broken down by lysosomal enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what happens to the protein synthesised by the ribosomes

A

the polypeptide chain grows from the bound ribosome, it enters the cisternal space of the ER and folds into its native conformation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

the cell/plasma membrane is _____ _______
and is made up of _______ ________

A

selectively permeable
phospholipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

cis face function

A

receiving side of the golgi body. it receives newly synthesized proteins and lipids from the ER.
Transport vesicles carrying proteins and lipids from the ER fuse with the membrane at the cis face, delivering their cargo into the Golgi apparatus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

trans function

A

\ The trans face functions as the shipping side of the Golgi apparatus. It sorts and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for transport to their final destinations, such as the plasma membrane, lysosomes, or secretion outside the cel
Secretory vesicles bud off from the trans face, carrying modified and sorted proteins and lipids to their target locations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

cytoskeleton

A

The cytoskeleton provides a structural framework, giving the cell its shape and stabilising membranous systems.

41
Q
A
41
Q

centrioles function

A

Centrioles play a role in nuclear division in animal cells.

42
Q

what is Fluid mosaic model of membrane structure

A

the phospholipid bilayer

43
Q

plasma/cell membrane

A

externally. It is a selectively permeable membrane that controls the type of substance that enters or leaves the cell.

44
Q

what is the plasma membrane made of

A

The plasma membrane is composed mainly of lipids and proteins and known as the phospholipid bilayer.

45
Q

what forms the bilayer and features of it

A

Phospholipid molecules form a bilayer. They have a hydrophilic (“water-loving”) and a hydrophobic (“water-hating”) end.

46
Q

what forms the hydrophillic part of the phospholipid bilayer

A

The charged phosphate groups face outwards and interact with the aqueous environment on either side of the cell membrane, forming the hydrophilic part.

46
Q

what forms the hydrophobic interior of the cell membrane.

A

The hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids of the phospholipid molecules face inwards and form the hydrophobic interior of the cell membrane.

47
Q

peripheral vs integral proteins

A

peripheral proteins on the surface of the phospholipid bilayer
integral proteins which penetrate part of the way or all the way through the phospholipid bilayer.

48
Q

why are Cell membranes are asymmetric,

A

Cell membranes are asymmetric, meaning that two halves of the membrane have different lipid and protein composition.

49
Q

whazt does cell membranes being asymmetrical mean

A

Cell membranes are asymmetric, meaning that two halves of the membrane have different lipid and protein composition.

50
Q

why are Cell membranes fluid structures

A

Cell membranes are fluid structures because the phospholipid molecules and some membrane proteins can move about in the plane of the membrane. The proteins are scattered throughout the phospholipid bilayer in a mosaic arrangement.

51
Q

how do charged ions and polar molecules get across the phospholipid bilayer

A

Channel and carrier proteins are involved in transport of polar molecules and charged ions across the membrane

52
Q

cell wall functions

A

A plant cell has a cellulose cell wall that encloses the entire plant cell. It protects the cell from injury and gives the cell a fixed shape. The cell wall is fully permeable, so it does not control the type of substances that enter or leave the cell.

53
Q

what has prokaryotic cells

A

bacteria

54
Q

what has eukaryotic cells

A

Protists, plants, fungi and animals

55
Q

prokaryotic cells features

A

The prokaryotic cell has no distinct nucleus. Its genetic material (DNA) is concentrated in a region called the nucleoid, but no membrane separates this region from the rest of the cell. In contrast, a eukaryotic cell has a true nucleus enclosed by a membranous nuclear envelope. (nucleoid is js dna that floats around the cytoplasm)

56
Q

6 similarities between plants and animals cells

A

1.Both have a cell surface membrane surrounding the cell.
2. Both have cytoplasm.
3. Both have a nucleus each.
4. Both contain mitochondria.
5. Both contain endoplasmic reticulum
6. both contain ribosomes.

56
Q

which is larger
prokaryotic/eukaryotic

A

eukaryotic cellls are usually bigger
prokaryotic cells are extremely small

56
Q

which has membranous structures
prokaryotic/eukaryotic

A

There is absence of membranous structures in prokaryotic cells, but eukaryotic cells have many organelles bounded by membranes.

57
Q

5 differences between plant and animal cells

A
  1. Have a cellulose cell wall outside cell membrane/No cell wall
  2. Often have chloroplasts containing chlorophyll/No chloroplasts
  3. Often have a large central vacuole with cell sap/Only have small vacuoles
    4.Centrioles are absent in higher plants/Two centrioles that play a part in cell division are present
  4. Often have starch granules/Do not have starch granules; sometimes have glycogen granules
58
Q

how do electron microscopes work

A

The electron microscope focuses a beam of electrons through very thin sections of a specimen.

59
Q

how do cells get specialised(divisonoflabour in the cells

A
60
Q

function of the root hair cell

A

The function of a root hair cell is to absorb water and dissolved mineral salts from the soil.

61
Q

3 structural adaptions of the root hair cell

A

1, The root hair cell has a long and narrow extension / protrusion.
2. Each root hair cell contains many *mitochondria.**
3. The root hair cell has a large vacuole containing cell sap made up of a relatively concentrated solution of sugars and salts.

62
Q

The root hair cell has a long and narrow extension / protrusion adaption function

A

The long and narrow protrusion of the root hair cell increases surface area to volume ratio for efficient absorption of water and dissolved mineral salts from the soil.

63
Q

Each root hair cell contains many mitochondria adaptation function

A

More energy in the form of ATP molecules can be released for active transport for the absorption of dissolved mineral salts.

64
Q

The root hair cell has a large vacuole containing cell sap made up of a relatively concentrated solution of sugars and salts. adaption function

A

The root hair cell has a more negative water potential than that of the soil solution. Water enters the root hair cell by osmosis across the selectively permeable cell membrane.

65
Q

xylem vessels function

A

The function of xylem vessel is to transport water and dissolved mineral salts up the plant from the roots.

66
Q

Xylem vessels are made up of long cells joined end to end. End walls (cross walls) between adjacent cells are broken down. adaptation function

A

Adjacent cells joined end to end allow for a continuous flow of water and dissolved mineral salts up the plant.

66
Q

3 xylem vessel adaptations

A
  1. Xylem vessels are made up of long cells joined end to end. End walls (cross walls) between adjacent cells are broken down.
  2. There is absence of protoplasm in the xylem vessel. Thus mature xylem vessels are non-living.
    3.There is deposition of lignin, a tough substance, on its inner wall (cellulose cell wall).
66
Q

what is a virus made of

A

A viral particle is made up of a central core of **nucleic acid* (deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA, or ribonucleic acid, RNA) surrounded by a protein coat called the capsid. A capsid is built up of identical repeating protein subunits called capsomeres

67
Q

here is absence of protoplasm in the xylem vessel. Thus mature xylem vessels are non-living. adaptation function

A

Absence of protoplasm reduces resistance to flow of water and dissolved mineral salts.

68
Q

There is deposition of lignin, a tough substance, on its inner wall (cellulose cell wall). adaptation function

A

To prevent collapse as water is pulled up the plant by transpiration pull and to provide mechanical support to the plant.

69
Q

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) function

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) contain a red pigment called haemoglobin that binds to oxygen, enabling them to function as oxygen transporters.

70
Q

3 structural features of a red blood cell

A
  1. It has a biconcave disc shape (thinner central portion).
  2. It does not have a nucleus (enucleated).
  3. It is elastic.
70
Q

RBC have biconcave disc shape (thinner central portion). function

A

The biconcave disc shape increases surface area to volume ratio for diffusion of oxygen into and out of the cell at a higher rate.

71
Q

RBC does not have a nucleus (enucleated)

A

This enables it to contain more haemoglobin to maximise oxygen carrying capacity.

72
Q

RBC is elastic.

A

This enables it to be flexible and squeeze through narrow capillaries.

72
Q

SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS function

A

Contraction of skeletal muscles, which is under voluntary control, enables the arms and legs to move.

72
Q

1 skeletal muscle cell adaptation

A

The cell is elongated and cylindrical in shape, contains many nuclei, mitochondria and contractile proteins.

73
Q

The cell is elongated and cylindrical in shape, contains many nuclei, mitochondria and contractile proteins.

A

Interaction between contractile proteins (actin and myosin) results in muscle contraction.
Many mitochondria ensure more energy is released in the form of ATP for muscle contraction.

74
Q

does antibiotics or antibodies kill viruses

A

Antibiotics are not effective against viruses. They can only be destroyed by antibodies produced by the white blood cells.

75
Q

what is the envelope for some viruses

A

A few viruses, such as the HIV and influenza viruses, have an **additional layer **around the capsid called the envelope which is derived from the cell surface membrane of the host cell. Some enveloped viruses are covered by spikes that project from the surface of the envelope and attach to host cells.

75
Q

y arent viruses considered cells

A

they do not have cytoplasm

76
Q

virus shapes

A

spherical shaped (influenza virus),
rod shaped (tobacco mosaic virus)
tadpole shaped (bacteriophage)

77
Q

how do viruses reproduce

A

Viruses reproduce (replicate) only within living cells using biochemical systems of the cells, making new copies of themselves. A living cell which the virus attacks is called the host cell.

78
Q

what happens to viruses outside the host cell

A

Outside the host cell, viruses do not feed, respire, excrete, grow or reproduce.

79
Q

how are animal viruses taken into the cell

A

the whole virus may be taken into the host cell by endocytosis (for some animal viruses).

80
Q

what happens once the virus is inside the host cell

A

Once inside the host cell, the animal virus is uncoated, i.e. its capsid is enzymatically removed, exposing its genetic material. Uncoating is not required for bacteriophages.

81
Q

how doe the virus kill the cell

A

The host cell lyses, releasing new viral particles. Enveloped viruses do not lyse the host cell, instead they bud out from the cell surface membrane of the host cell. The host cell eventually dies from infection.

82
Q

are bacteria living or non living cells

A

living cells

83
Q

bacteria structures

A

cell surface membrane
cytoplasm
peptidoglycan cell wall,
chromosome
smaller rings of DNA known as plasmids
flagella

84
Q

According to their shapes, bacteria may be classified into three general types:

A

 Cocci (sing. coccus) – spherical-shaped bacteria
 Bacilli (sing. bacillus) – rod-shaped bacteria (vibrio – comma shaped bacteria which is a variation of bacilli)
 Spirilla (sing. spirillum) – spiral-shaped bacteria

85
Q

how does bacteria reproduce

A

they reproduce asexually by binary fission

86
Q

whats the only unicellular fungi

A

yeast

87
Q

yeast structure

A

Most yeasts consist of separate, spherical cells. The thin cell wall encloses the cytoplasm, which contains a nucleus and a vacuole. In the cytoplasm are granules of
glycogen.

88
Q

what is mycelium on a multicellular fungi

A

The body of a multicellular fungus like the bread mould consists of a mesh of finely branching threads collectively known as the mycelium

89
Q

what is each mycelium composed of

A

 Each mycelium is composed of long filaments called hyphae

90
Q

what does the hyphal cell wall contain

A

The hyphal cell wall may contain cellulose or chitin, a complex carbohydrate, or both. Each hypha has cytoplasm and a central vacuole.

Biology S3 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions