Nutrition and Supporting Sciences Flashcards
1
Q
what is energy?
A
the capacity to do work
2
Q
___, ___, and ___ all yield energy
A
CHO, protein, and fat
3
Q
___ and ___ provide 4 calories/gram
A
CHO and protein
4
Q
CHO and protein provide ___ calories/gram
A
4
5
Q
___ provides 9 calories/gram
A
fat
6
Q
fat provides ___ calories/gram
A
9
7
Q
the brain uses ___ exclusively as an E source
A
glucose
8
Q
the brain uses glucose exclusively as an ___
A
E source
9
Q
what does the brain use as an E source during starvation?
A
ketone bodies
10
Q
where are tissue stores of glucose in the body
A
- glycogen in muscle and liver
- fat from adipose tissue
- cellular mass (protein stores)
11
Q
glucose is stored in the ___ and ___ as glycogen
A
muscle; liver
12
Q
glucose is stored in the muscle and liver as ___
A
glycogen
13
Q
what is gluconeogenesis
A
conversion of non-carbohydrate sources into glucose; creation of glucose from glycerol and amino acids
14
Q
what is homeostasis
A
state of equilibrium of the internal environment of the body
15
Q
what are enzymes
A
proteins; organic catalysts that control reaction
16
Q
what is a conenzyme
A
enzyme activators; includes some vitamins (B)
17
Q
what vitamins are needed for E production?
A
pantothenic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin
18
Q
what is a substrate
A
substance upon which an enzyme works
19
Q
what is a cofactor
A
assists enzymes; minerals
20
Q
what are hormones?
A
secretions from endocrine; trigger enzyme action; chemical messengers that trigger enzymes
21
Q
what does thyroxine regulate
A
metabolism and rate of oxidation
22
Q
thyroxine influences what
A
physical and mental growth
23
Q
what happens when glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis of the liver is stimulated
A
raises the blood glucose
24
Q
what is anabolism
A
synthesis of a more complex substance
25
what is catabolism
breakdown; uses and releases energy; creates a constant energy deficit, which must be supplied by food
26
what is BEE
basal energy expenditure; minimum amount of energy needed at rest in fasting (amount needed to carry out involuntary work of the body, activity of internal organs, and internal temp)
27
BEE is affected by what?
extremes in environmental temperatures; tropical climate 5-20% increase
28
what stimulates metabolic rate and by how much?
caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine; 7-15%
29
what is EEPA
energy expended in physical activity; highly variable
30
what is TEF
thermic effect of food, diet-induced thermogenesis, the calorigenic effect of food; energy needed to digest, absorb, and assimilate nutrients; ~10% of E expenditure
31
TEF is greater or less after consumption of carb and protein than after fat
greater
32
TEF is about ___% of E expenditure
10%
33
what is BMR
basal metabolic rate; measured in morning when reclining, awake, relaxed, at normal body temp, at least 12 hrs after meal, and several hours after strenuous activity
34
BMR measures
oxygen consumed
35
BMR is affected primarily by what 4 things
1. sex
2. age
3. body composition
4. endocrine glands-thyroid
36
how is BMR affected by sex
women have 5-10% lower BMR than men
37
how is BMR affected by age
highest BMR is 0-2 years of age; older adults less activity, less lean body mass, more body fat: BMR decreases
38
how is BMR measured
by PBI/protein bound iodine; measures activity of thyroid gland, metabolism, level of thyroxine priduced
39
when PBI is elevated, BMR is ___
elevated
40
is PBI a nutritional assessment parameter?
no
41
BMR can be increased by ___
exercise
42
what is BEE
basal energy expenditure; calculated BMR
43
BEE includes what
age, sex, body surface area (height, weight)
44
what is rmr?
energy expenditure measured under similar conditions, after a short rest and controlled intake of caffeine, alcohol
45
___ is more frequently measured than BMR
RMR
46
RMR is ___ than BMR by ___%
greater; 10-20%
47
of the predictive equations ___ predicts within 10% of indirect calorimetry
Mifflin St Jeor
48
Mifflin St Jeor should be used with ___ and ___ individuals
normal weight and obese individuals; use actual body weight for underweight, overweight, and obese
49
what is the most practical way of measuring energy balance
following changes in weight
50
RQ depends on what
```
fuel mixture being metabolized:
cho alone: 1
mixture: 0.85
protein alone: 0.82
fat alone: 0.7
```
51
list the monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
52
list the disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, maltose
53
what 2 monosaccharides is sucrose made of
glucose and fructose
54
what 2 monosaccharides is lactose made of
glucose and glucose
55
what 2 monosaccharides is maltose made of
glucose and galactose
56
list the polysaccharides
1. starch
2. cellulose
3. glycogen
4. dextrin
5. pectin
57
what is starch
glucose chains, 50% of CHO intake
58
what is cellulose
resistant to digestive enzyme amylase; adds bulk
59
what is glycogen
animal starch; from glucose; stored in muscle and liver
60
what is pectin
nondigestible; thickening quality; in fruits
61
what is dextrin
intermediate product of starch breakdown
62
what is sorbitol
alcohol from glucose; absorbed by passive diffusion; converted into fructose
63
how sweet is fructose
the sweetest
64
how sweet is sorbitol
slightly less sweet than glucose
65
put the following in order of sweetness: sucrose, sorbitol, glucose, fructose, invert sugar, lactose, galactose, maltose, mannitol
1. fructose
2. invert sugar
3. sucrose
4. glucose
5. sorbitol
6. mannitol
7. galactose
8. maltose
9. lactose
66
what is the make up carbohydrates
made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
67
what are the functions of cho
energy, protein-sparing action, regulation of fat metabolism
68
sulfur is found in what proteins
cystine, cysteine, and methionine
69
what make up protein
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; sulfur in cystine, cysteine, and methionine
70
what % of a protein is nitrogen
16%
71
amino acids have a ___ and a ___
amino group (NH2) as acid; carboxyl group (COOH) as the acid
72
**what are the essential amino acids
```
TV TILL PMH;
threonine
valine
tryptophan
isoleucine
leucine
lysine
phenylalanine
methionine
histidine
```
73
what are the 2 conditionally essential amino acids
arginine
| glutamine
74
tryptophan is a precursor for ___ and ___
seratonin; niacin
75
___ is converted to tyrosine
phenylalanine
76
phenylalanine is converted to ___
tyrosine
77
methionine is converted to ___
cysteine
78
___ is converted to cysteine
methionine
79
what is a conjugated protein
simple plus non protein substance (like lipoprotein)
80
what is a simple protein
yields only amino acids
81
what is a derived protein
fragments from simple and conjugates (like peptide)
82
what are the functions of protein
- tissue synthesis
- maintains growth
- regulated body processes
83
why is protein an inefficient energy source
nitrogen must be removed first; 58% of protein can be converted to gluose
84
what are the diet requirements for protein
0.8 g/kg body weight; 10-15% of total E intake
85
legumes are low in what amino acids
methionine, cystine, and tryptophan
86
gelatin is low in what amino acids
methionine and cystine; has NO tryptophan
87
most food fat is a ___
triglyceride
88
triglycerides are ___ fats; made of ___ and ___
simple; 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
89
where are phospholipid found
cell membrane
90
what is a compound fat
simple plus other component (like a phospholipid)
91
what is a derived fat
derived from simple or compound by fat hydrolysis or enzymatic breakdown (like fatty acid, glycerol, steroid)
92
what are examples of a derived fat
fatty acid, glycerol, steroid
93
what are saturated fatty acids
all available bonds of carbon dioxide are filled with hydrogen; solid and hard at room temp
94
what is an unsaturated fatty acid
one or more double bond
95
**___ is the most polyunsaturated
safflower oil
96
**___ is the most unsaturated
canola oil
97
**linoleic acid is omega ___
6
98
**what is the best source
safflower oil
99
**a deficiency in linoleic acid does what
creates eczema, poor growth rate, petechiae
100
**if linoleic acid replaces CHO
LDL decreases, HDL increases
101
**if linoleic acid replaces saturated fat
cholesterol decreases, HDL decreases
102
EPA and DHA are what type of omega
3
103
EPA mainly comes from
fish
104
DHA comes mainly from
walnut, flaxseed, and canola oil
105
omega 3 have what effect on cholesterol levels
little; decreases hepatic production of triglycerides (inhibit VLDL synthesis)
106
omega 3 is involved in ___
retinal function and brain development
107
what does omega 3 deficiency result in
neurological changes-blurred vision, numbness
108
what is the structure of fatty acids
straight hydrocarbon chain ending in a corboxyl (COOH) group at one end and a methyl group (CH3) at the other
109
how are fatty acids classified
- number of carbons
- position of first double bond
- number of double bonds
110
what is designated by the omega sign
location of the first double bond counted from the METHYL end
111
what is the structure of linoleic acid
C18:2omega6
112
what is the structure of linolenic acid
C12:3omega3
113
linoleic acid is omega ___
6
114
linolenic acid is omega ___
3
115
in terms of fat, what is hydrogenation
process of adding hydrogen at the double bond of unsaturated fatty acids to increase saturation and stability
116
in trans fatty acids the hydrogens are found ___ from each other
across from each other; harmful to cell function
117
trans fats are found in milk fat, ___%
4-8%
118
___, ___. and ___ contain trans fats as a product of partial hydrogenation of PUFA
margarine, shortenings, frying fats
119
**what is the most saturated
coconut oil
120
list the following in order from most to least saturated fat: palm oil, palm kernel, cocoa butter, coconut, canola, butter
coconut, palm kernel, cocoa butter, butter, palm oil, canola
121
Medium chain triglycerides have how many carbons
6-12
122
where are MCTs found
milk fat, coconut oil, palm kernel
123
list the following in order from most to least MUFA: coconut, sunflower, peanut, kernel, olive
olive, canola, peanut, sunflower, coconut
124
what has the most MUFA
olive oil
125
what has the most PUFA
safflower oil
126
list the following in order from most to least PUFA: cottonseed, soybean, safflower, p;am kernel, sunflower
safflower, corn, soybean, cottonseed, sunflower, palm kernel
127
list the following from most to least for butter: MUFA, PUFA, sat
sat, pufa, mufa
128
list the following from most to least for margarin: MUFA, PUFA, sat
pufa, mufa, sat
129
how does fat delay gastric emptying
depresses gastric secretion
130
why does fat provide more energy than CHO
has less oxygen and more carbon; more carbon atoms for oxidation
131
what are the diet requirements for fat
less than 30% kcals
132
how is alcohol metabolized
as a fat; 7 g/kcal
133
how do you determine calories from alcohol?
(.8)(proof)(ounces); proof=(%alcohol)(2)
134
how is proof calculated
(% alcohol)(2)
135
**what is winterized oil
treated so won't crystallize when cold (salad dressings)
136
**how is winterized oil made?
oil chilled to 45 degrees; fatty acids with high melting points crystallize and are filtered out
137
**what is the appearance of winterized oil
clear NOT cloudy
138
**what are some oils that have are winterized
corn, soy, cottonseed; NOT olive
139
how much insensible water is lost each day
0.8-1.2 litres
140
how do you calculate mEq
(mg/atomic wt)*valence
141
what are the atomic weights and valances of Na+, K+, and Ca2+
Na+: 23, 1
K+: 39, 1
Ca2+ :40, 2
142
what are extracellular electrolytes
- Na; sodium
- Ca; calcium
- Cl; chloride
- HCO3; bicarbonate
143
sodium chloride is ___% sodium
40%
144
one tsp of salt has ___g of NaCl
6g
145
sodium is reabsorbed by ___ and retained by ___
aldosterone; steroids
146
what are intracellular electrolyes
- K; potassium
- Mg; magnesium
- P; phosphorus
147
what are sources of potassium
meat, fruits, veg; banana, orange, tomato, potato, cantaloupe
148
potassium excretion is increased by ___
aldosterone
149
hypercalemia causes ___
cardiac irregularities
150
**what is the normal range for sodium
136-145 mEq/L
151
what is the normal range for potassium
3.5-5 mEq/L
152
what is the normal range for calcium
4.5-5.5 mEq/L
153
what is the normal range for magnesium
1.5-2.5 mEq/L
154
what is the normal range for chloride
96-106 mEq/L
155
what is the normal range for phosphorus
3-4.5 mEq/L
156
what is the effect of protein of fluid balance
exerts osmotic pressure
157
what is the function of albumin
exerts pressure on blood vessel wall that keeps water within; when alb drops, pressure drops, causing fluid to leak out-water moves from extracellular to interstitial space (edema)
158
what happens when albumin is low
when alb drops, pressure drops, causing fluid to leak out-water moves from extracellular to interstitial space (edema)
159
low serum protein leads to ___ and ___
edema and ascites
160
what is anasarca
extreme, generalized edema and widespread swelling of the skin due to effusion of fluid in extracellular space
161
anasarca is associated with what?
heart, liver, renal failure, and extreme protein/calorie malnutrition
162
a serum albumin of ___ is often associated with physical signs of fluid retention
2.8
163
**what are the symptoms of dehydration
nausea, dizziness, sunken eyes, fever, hyperventilation, excessive sweating, concentrated urine, dry inelastic skin, increase in solutes (BUN), tachycardia, headache, fatigue, decreased appetite, and rapid weight loss
164
what is the best assessment parameter for fluid status
serum sodium
165
___ releases hydrogen ions
acid
166
___ takes up hydrogen ios
base
167
what is a buffer?
mixture of acid and base components to protect against a strong acid or strong base
168
what is a major extracellular buffer
combination of carbonic acid and sodium bicarbonate
169
the pH scale measures what
hydrogen ion concentration
170
lungs control supply of ___ to help with acid base balance
carbonic acid; hypoventilation retains acid and hyperventilation loss of acid
171
kidneys control supply of ___ to help with acid base balance
bicarbonate (base); excrete excess bicarbonate and level of base decreases
172
**a change in one side of the buffer brings about a ___ in the other side to ___
compensatory change; maintain balance, pH close to 7.4
173
in acid-base balance, a failure related to the pulmonary system is
respiratory
174
in acid-base balance, a failure related to the kidneys is
metabolic
175
* *what do the following tell you and what are the normal values:
1. HCO3 (bicarb)
2. pCO2 (carbonic acid)
1. tell you if kidneys working; 24-28
| 2. tell you if lungs working; 35-45
176
**what is the function of vitamin A
skin, vision
177
**what are sources of vitamin A
yellow, orange fruits; dark green leafy vegetables; cantaloupe, fish, liver, carrots, fortified skim milk, apricots, sweet potato
178
**what are signs of vitamin A deficiency
night blindness, nyctalopia, xeropthalmia, bitot's spots, hyperkeratosis
179
**what is the earliest sign of vitamin A deficiency?
nyctalopia, reversible
180
**what is a sign of vitamin A deficiency that appears when deficiency is severe and prolonged
xeropthalmia -corneal damage, not reversible
181
**what is one of the least toxic vitamins
E
182
**what is the function of vitamin E
antioxidant; resists hemolysis of RBC
183
what are sources of vitamin K
spinach, kale, broccoli, green leafy vegetables
184
what vitamin is lost in cooking as temp of ph rises but is stable in acidic solution
b1 aka thiamin
185
what is the function of b1/thiamin
oxidation of CHO; increase CHO increased need for b1; metabolism of pyruvate
186
what are sources of b1/thiamin
grains, wheat germ, pork, liver
187
what are signs of b1/thiamin deficiency
beriberi, muscle weakness, foot drop, memory loss tachycardia, decreased erythrocyte transketolase, increased plasma pyruvate
188
what is the name for vitamin b1
thiamin
189
what is the name for vitamin b2
riboflavin
190
what are signs of b2/riboflavin deficiency
cheilosis (cracked lips), angular stomatitis (mouth corner cracks, sore throat), and magenta tongue
191
what are sources of folate
fortified dry cereal, liver, kidney, green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, lentils, beans
192
what is the name for b6
pyridoxine
193
what is the name for b12
cyanocobalamin
194
an increase in protein requires an increase in what vitamin
b6/pyridoxine
195
what is the most abundant mineral
calcium
196
what mineral is regulated by the parathyroid hormone
calcium
197
what aids calcium absorption
vitamin D, acid, lactose
198
what lowers serum calcium and how
calcitonin by inhibiting bone resorption
199
what are the functions of calcium in the body
blood clotting, cardiac function, nerve transmission, smooth muscle contractility
200
what are sources of phosphorus
meat, milk, poultry, eggs, fish, cheese
201
what is the absorbable form of iron
ferrous (stored form is ferritin)
202
what are signs of copper deficiency
rare: microcytic anemia, neutropenia
203
what is Wilson's disease
low serum copper, genetic absence of liver enzyme
204
what are sources of sulfur
meat, fish, eggs, poultry
205
what are the 2 minerals required in glucose metabolism
chromium and zinc
206
as E expenditure of the body increases, the need for ___, ___, ___, and ___ also increase
thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, and pantothenic acid
