nutrition and oral health Flashcards
What is diet?
Sum of food consumed by a person, it is the food that a person habitually eats
What is nutrition?
Quality of food
Food that our body needs to consume daily for our bodies to function optimally
What are developmental enamel defects?
Nutritional deficiencies- Vit A and D, malnutrition
Nutritional excesses- fluoride and tetracycline
How can fluoride be ingested?
Water supplies (1ppm) Salt School milk (2.65 ppm) Naturally in tea Naturally in oily fish
What happens with an excess of fluoride?
Dental fluorosis
GIT upset
Respiratory arrest
Death
What is tetracycline?
Broad spectrum antibiotic for perio disease, acne, chest infections (CF patients)
If given during enamel formation- sever intrinsic staining
How does Vit D affect dental development?
deficiency-> delayed development, hypoplastic enamel
Patients w Vit D resistant rickets (hereditary hypophosphatasia) -> large pulp chambers and pulp horns, enamel hypoplasia, clefts and tubular defects in dentine
(Spontaneous dental abscesses due to tiny cracks and bacteria)
How do calcium and phosphates affect dental development?
Reduced enamel hypoplasia in kids (1929-43) after cheap milk, cod liver oil for pregnant women and young children, bread fortified w calcifications
Disorders of calcium and phosphate metabolism-
X linked hypophosphatasia, hypoparathyroidism show increases in enamel defects
How does Vit A affect dental development?
Animal studies-
Severe changes in ameloblasts with diet deficient in Vit A-> defective enamel/dentine formation
How does malnutrition affect dental development?
Nigerian study (1973)- malnourished kids- enamel hypoplasia in primary incisors, delayed dental eruption
What is erosion?
Loss of dental hard tissues by a chemical process that doesn’t involve bacteria
25% of 5 yr olds- loss of tissue into dentine
Risk factors- >2 citrus fruits/day, veg/vegans, >4 fizzy drinks/day (252% risk)
Does a fibrous diet reduce periodontal disease?
Some animals- fibrous diet (no evidence in humans)
However, chewing- saliva flow- beneficial and PEG fed children- excessive calculus deposits
Does Vitamin C reduce periodontal disease?
Deficiency- detrimental
Disturbed collagen formation
Bleeding, swollen gums, loose teeth
Does folic acid reduce periodontal disease?
Most deficient nutrient in adults
DNA synthesis and cell turnover
Maintains epithelial integrity and attachment
Folate mouthwashes/supplements- reduce pregnancy gingivitis
What are nutritional risk factors for oral cancer?
Alcohol, tobacco, betel quid, areca nut (seed from fruit of oriental palm)
How do nutrient deficiencies have an effect on the oral mucosa?
Vit B12- glossitis, fissured tongue, burning mouth, erosive/ulcerative lesions, angular cheilitis
Vit C- haemorrhage, swelling
Vit K- gingival bleeding
Folic acid- ulcers, burning mouth, depapillation of tongue
Iron- ulcers, glossitis, burning mouth, angular cheilitis
Protein deficiency/kwashiorkor- oedema of tongue, atrophy of papillae, circumoral hypopigmentation
What is orofacial granulomatosis?
Any age
Delayed hypersensitivity reaction to benzoates (E210-219), cocoa, cinnamon, carvone (found in essential oil, spearmint and dill)
Diffuse facial swelling Lip enlargement and vertical fissures Angular cheilitis Oedema of buccal mucosa Mucosal tags (cobblestone) Aphthous- like ulceration
Biopsy- non-caseating granulomata
Blood tests
Patch tests
How is orofacial granulomatosis managed?
Referred to med team Exclusion diet Symptomatic relief (difflam, gengigel) Immunosuppressants Steroids (mouth wash, systemic)
