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Anatomy > Nutrition and Metabolism > Flashcards

Nutrition and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is nutrition?

A

The food we eat and the nutrients they contain

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2
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Using the nutrients from food for the body’s function

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3
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

A deficiency in food consumption that adversely affects metabolism

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4
Q

What is Ghrelin and where is it secreted from? And what are its effects on the body?

A
  • Peptide that stimulates appetite
  • Secreted by the parietal cells
  • Stimulates hypothalamus to secrete GHRH, priming body to get ready for incoming nutrients
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5
Q

What is Peptide YY (PYY)? Where is it secreted from Ann what are it’s effects on the body?

A
  • Effect is to signal satiety and terminate eating
  • hormone secreted by enteroendocrine cells in the ileum and colon
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6
Q

What is cholecystokinin (CCK), where is it secreted and what are its effects?

A
  • Stimulates secretion of bile and pancreatic enzymes
  • Secreted by enteroendocrine cells in the duodenum and jejunum
  • Stimulates the brain and sensory fibers of the vagus nerve- appetite suppressing
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7
Q

What is Amylin? Where is it secreted from and what are its effects?

A
  • hormone that produces a feeling of satiety and winds down, the digestive activities of stomach
  • Secreted from the beta cells of the pancreatic islets
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8
Q

Name the short term regulators of appetite

A

Grehlin
Peptide YY (PYY)
Cholecystokinin
Amylin

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9
Q

Name the long-term regulators of appetite

A

Leptin
insulin

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10
Q

What is a Leptin? Where is it secreted from? What are its effects?

A

-used by the brain to understand how much fat the body has
- secreted by adipocytes throughout the body
- Levels proportional to one’s fat stores
- Leptin stimulates, sympathetic nerve fibers that innervate adipose tissue, to secrete norepinephrine, which stimulates fat breakdown

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11
Q

Leptin deficiency or a defect in Leptin receptors causes, what in animals

A

Hyperphasia (overeating)
Extreme obesity

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12
Q

What is fat breakdown called

A

Lipolysis

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13
Q

What is a more common factor in obesity regarding Leptin insensitivity?

Receptor defect
Hormone deficiency

A

Receptor defect

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14
Q

What is insulin? Where is it secreted from? What are its affects?

A
  • hormone that stimulates glucose and amino acids uptake
  • promotes glycogen and fat synthesis
  • Secreted by the pancreatic beta cells
  • Has receptors in the brain and also keeps an index of the bodies fat stores, weaker effect than Leptin
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15
Q

What is the name of the brain center for appetite regulation?

A

Arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus

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16
Q

Name the secretions of the 2 neural networks in the arcuate nucleus of the brain involved in hunger

A
  1. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) - appetite stimulant
  2. Melanocortin - inhibits eating
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17
Q

Name two hormones are terminate food intake

A

PYY
CCK

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18
Q

Which hormone stimulates appetite for carbohydrates, fatty foods, proteins?

A

Carbs- norepinephrine
Fatty foods- galanin
Proteins- endorphins

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19
Q

What is a calorie?

A

Amount of heat, that will raise the temperature of 1 g of water, 1°C

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20
Q

What is 1000 cal called

A

Calorie- dietetics
kilocalorie- biochem and physiology

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21
Q

What does the term fuel mean in terms of nutrition?

A

When a chemical is oxidize solely or primarily to extract energy from it

Energy is used to make ATP, this energy then transferred to other physiological processes

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22
Q

What are the six major classes of nutrients?

A

Water carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins

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23
Q

What are the macro nutrients and why are they called macronutrients?

A

Water carbohydrates, lipids proteins

Because they are required in large quantities

Measured in grams per day

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24
Q

What are the macronutrients and why are they called? Micro nutrients

A

Minerals and vitamins
They are required in small quantities

Measured in milligrams to micrograms per day

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25
Q

What are essential nutrients?

A

These are nutrients the body cannot synthesize but they must be included in the diet

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26
Q

What is obesity?

A

Having more than 20% body weight above the recommended amount for one’s age, sex, height

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27
Q

What is a healthy BMI?

A

20-25

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28
Q

How is BMI calculated?

A

Weight/ height in meters

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29
Q

What are some effects of obesity?

A

Increased risk of:
Arthrosclerosis
Hypertension
Diabetes
Joint pain
Kidney stones
Cancer- breast prostate

30
Q

What is metabolic acidosis in terms of inadequate carbohydrate intake?

A

In adequate carbohydrate, intake leads to incomplete oxidation of fats which result in ketone bodies

31
Q

What is recommended dietary allowance for carbohydrates?

A

130 g

32
Q

What are empty calories? Give some examples.

A

Provide few nutrients
Sugar, alcohol

33
Q

Which nutrient yields most energy?

A

Fats at about 9kcal/g

34
Q

How much energy do carbs and protein yield

A

4 kcal/g

35
Q

What is the effect of a dietary carb on one’s blood glucose level called?

A

Glycemic index

36
Q

Most carbohydrate intake should be in the form of?

A

Starch

37
Q

What is dietary fiber?

A

Fibrous materials of plant and animal origin that resist digestion

38
Q

What is the RDA for fiber?

A

25 to 38g

39
Q

Name a water, soluble fiber

A

Pectin or the carbs, found in peas carrots beans oats

40
Q

Name some water insoluble fibers

A

Cellulose hemicellulose, lignin

41
Q

What is the effect of water soluble fibers on the body?

A

Reduces blood cholesterol and LDL levels

42
Q

What is the effect of water insoluble fibers on the body?

A

No effect on cholesterol or LDL budget swells softening stool an increasing in its bulk

Stimulates peristalsis in the colon and quick passage of feces

43
Q

What is the healthy average of fat by weight?

A

15-25%

44
Q

What accounts for most of the bodies stored energy

A

Fats

45
Q

Why are fats superior to carbs for energy storage?

A
  1. Carbs- hydrophilic and expand and occupy more space in a tissue, fats hydrophobic, contain no water, and is a more compact source
  2. Fats is more oxidizing than carbs and have over twice as much energy
46
Q

Name that effects where fat is consumed instead of protein or glucose to meet the needs of the tissue

A

Glucose sparing
Protein sparing

47
Q

Name the fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

48
Q

Phospholipids and cholesterol are structural components of:

A
  1. Plasma membranes
  2. Myelin
49
Q

Cholesterol is an important precursor of:

A

Steroid hormones
Bile Acids
Vitamin D

50
Q

Thromboplastin is a

A
  • essential blood clotting factor
  • Lipoprotein
51
Q

Roles of fat:

A
  1. Metabolic
  2. Structural
  3. Protection
  4. Insulation
52
Q

What percentage of daily caloric intake should fat account for?

A

35%

53
Q

Describe metabolism?

A

A process made up of many different chemical pathways

54
Q

Name the three pathways of glucose catabolism

A

Glycolysis
Anaerobic fermentation
Aerobic respiration

55
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Pathway that splits a glucose molecule into 2 molecules of puruvate

56
Q

What is anaerobic fermentation?

A

Pathway that reduces pyruvate to lactate without oxygen

57
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Pathway that oxidizes pyruvate to carbon dioxide and water, requires oxygen

58
Q

What is the role of coenzymes in glucose catabolism?

A

-Enzymes remove electrons (as hydrogen atoms) from intermediate compounds
- hydrogen atoms are transferred to coenzymes instead of binding
- coenzymes donate the hydrogen atoms during later stages of pathway

59
Q

What are the two types of metabolism?

A

Catabolism
Anabolism

60
Q

What happens in catabolism?

A

Food molecules are broken into smaller compounds

61
Q

What happens in anabolism?

A

Nutrient molecules are built up into larger compounds

62
Q

What is the first process of carbohydrate catabolism and where does it occur?

A

Glycolysis
In the cytoplasm

63
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic

64
Q

Is aerobic respiration aerobic or anaerobic? Where does it occur?

A

Aerobic
Mitochondria

65
Q

What does glycolysis prepare glucose for?

A

The Krebs cycle

66
Q

Aerobic respiration occurs where in the mitochondria?

A

In two steps:
1. Matrix reactions- mitochondrial matrix
2. Membrane reactions- in the mitochondrial cristae

67
Q

Describe the matrix reactions in the mitochondria

A
  • Reactions occur once per pyruvate
  • twice per glucose
    Carbon atoms stripped away as CO2
68
Q

What is the yield of the matrix reactions in the mitochondria in the Krebs cycle?

A

2 ATP
8 NADH
2 FADH

69
Q

What is the yield of the citric acid cycle?

A

6 carbon
6 water
Many high energy electrons

70
Q

What is the Net ATP Production

A

2 ATP from glycolysis
2 ATP from matrix reactions
28 ATP from membrane reactions

= 32 ATP per glucose

71
Q

What is glycogenesis

A

Glucose molecules joined to form a strand of glucose beads

72
Q

What is glycogenolysis

A

Reversal of glycogenesis
Stimulates by glucagon when blood glucose declines

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