Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
What is a hormone?
A
Hormones – chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands
2
Q
What are target cells?
A
Target cells – cells that have receptors for a hormone
3
Q
What are some organs of the endocrine system?
A
- Pineal gland
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary gland
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid gland
- Thymus
- Adrenal gland
- Pancreas
- Gonads:
i. Testis
ii. Ovary
4
Q
What are the 3 classes of hormones?
A
- Steroid hormones
- Monoamines (made from a specific amino acid)
- Peptide hormones
5
Q
Name some types of hormone secretion stimuli
A
Neural stimuli – Nerve fibers elicit release of hormones
Hormonal stimuli – Specific stimulating or inhibiting hormones control hormone release
Humoral stimuli – Response to changing levels of certain ions and molecules in blood
6
Q
How do peptide hormones effect their target cells?
A
- Bind to surface receptors
- Intracellular processes argue activated
7
Q
Name 3 types of hormone interactions
A
Antagonistic
Synergistic
Permissive
8
Q
Give 2 examples of steroid hormones.
A
- Sex steroids
- Corticosteroids
9
Q
2 examples of Monoamine hormones
A
- Dopamine
- Epinephrine
10
Q
2 examples of peptide hormones
A
- Insulin
- Oxytocin
11
Q
Describe the pituitary gland
A
Protrusion off bottom of the hypothalamus at base of brain
12
Q
Name the divisions of the pituitary gland
A
Anterior
Posterior
13
Q
Name some hypothalamic hormones
A
Thyrotropin –releasing hormone (TRH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Growth- hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
Somatostatin- growth hormone inhibiting hormone
14
Q
NE hormone and it’s source is?
A
Norepinephrine
Source: Adrenal Medulla
15
Q
OT hormone and its source is?
A
Oxytocin
Source: Posterior pituitary
16
Q
PIH Harmon and it’s source is?
A
Prolactin inhibiting hormones (dopamine)
Source: hypothalamus
17
Q
PRL hormone, and its source is?
A
Prolactin
Source: anterior pituitary
18
Q
PTH hormone and its source is?
A
Parathyroid hormone
Source: parathyroids
19
Q
T3 hormone, and its source is?
A
Triiodothyronine
Source: thyroid
20
Q
T4 hormone, and its source is?
A
Tetraiodothyronine
Source: thyroid
21
Q
TRH hormone and its source is?
A
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Source: hypothalamus
22
Q
TSH hormone and its source is?
A
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Source: anterior pituitary
23
Q
ADH hormone and its source is?
A
Antidiuretic hormone (arginine vasopressin)
Source: anterior pituitary
24
Q
ACTH hormone and its source is?
A
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin)
Source: posterior pituitary
25
CRH hormone and its source is?
Corticotropin releasing hormone
Source: hypothalamus
26
DHEA hormone and it’s source is?
Dehydroepiandrosterone
Source: adrenal cortex
27
EPO hormone and its source is?
Erythropoietin
Source: kidneys, liver
28
FSH hormone and its source is?
Follicle stimulating hormone
Source: anterior pituitary
29
GH hormone and it’s source is?
Growth hormone (somatotropin)
Source: anterior pituitary
30
GHRH hormone and its source is?
Growth hormone-releasing hormone
Source: hypothalamus
31
GnRH hormone and it’s source is?
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
Source: hypothalamus
32
IGF’s hormones and its source is?
Insulin like growth factors (somatomedins)
Source: liver, other tissues
33
LH hormone and its source?
Luteinizing hormone
Source: anterior pituitary
34
How do steroid hormones effect their cells?
1. Freely enter target cells
2. Bind to receptors in the nucleus
35
Describe an antagonistic hormonal reaction.
One hormone opposes the other
36
Describe a synergistic hormonal effect.
Two or more hormones act together to produce a greater effect
37
Describe a permissive hormonal effect.
One hormone, enhances target organs response to the second hormone.
38
Name 5 of the major organs of the endocrine system
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Pancreas
Gonads (testes,ovary)
Adrenal gland
Pineal gland
Thymus
39
Name two differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system.
The nervous system communicates by electrical impulses and neurotransmitters, endocrine uses hormones
Nervous system has local specific effects endocrine has general widespread effects
Nervous system releases neurotransmitters at synapses, endocrine releases hormones into the bloodstream
40
Name the divisions of the pituitary gland
Anterior and posterior
41
What is another name for the pituitary gland
Hypophysis
42
where is the pituitary gland located?
Protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain
43
What is the function of the hypophysial portal system?
It connects to hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
44
Describe the network of the hypophysial portal system
Primary capillaries in hypothalamus
Portal venues
Secondary capillaries
45
Name some hypothalamic hormones
Thyrotropin
Corticotropin
Gonadotropin
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
Prolactin inhibiting hormones
Somatostatin (growth hormone inhibiting hormone)
46
Describe the function of GnRH hormone in the ovary
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
Promotes secretion of follicle, stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
47
Describe the effects of TRH hormone
Promote secretion of thyroid, stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin (PRL)
48
Describe the effects of CRH hormone
Promote secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
49
What’s another name for the anterior pituitary gland?
Adenohypophysis
50
Name some hormones of the anterior pituitary
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Prolactin
Growth hormone
51
What is the target organ of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
Adrenal cortex
52
What is the target organs for growth hormone?
Liver, bone, cartilage, muscle, fat
53
What are the effects of the FSH hormone?
Female: ovarian, follicle growth, estrogen, secretion
Male: sperm production
54
What are the effects of the LH hormone?
Female: ovulation, maintaining corpus luteum
Male: testosterone secretion
55
What are the effects of the ACTH hormone?
Growth of adrenal cortex, secretion of glucocorticoids
56
What is another name for the posterior pituitary gland?
Neurohypophysis
57
Name some hormones of the posterior pituitary gland
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin (OT)
58
What is another term for the antidiuretic hormones?
Vasopressant
59
What is the target organ for the antidiuretic hormone?
Kidneys
60
What is the target organs for oxytocin?
Uterus, mammary glands
61
What are the effects of ADH hormone? (Think about blood volume)
Water retention
62
What are the effects of oxytocin?
Labor, contractions, milk release, sperm transport, sexual affection, mother-infant bonding, possibly ejaculation
63
How do target organs, regulate pituitary, and hypothalamus gland?
Through negative feedback loops
64
Name some of the mechanisms of the growth hormone and insulin like growth factor hormone interactions. How do they work together to promote growth?
Protein synthesis
Lipid metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism
Electrolyte balance
65
What is the location of the pineal gland?
In the posterior portion of the roof of the third ventricle in the brain
66
What is the hormone the pineal gland secretes?
Melatonin
67
What is the target organ for melatonin secreted by the pineal gland?
The brain
68
What is the principal effect of melatonin on the brain?
Not certain
May influence mood and sexual maturation
69
What is the location of the thymus?
In the mediastinum (center of the chest)
70
What is the hormone secreted by the thymus?
Thymosin
71
What is the target organ for the thymosin hormone secreted by the Thymus
T lymphocytes
72
What is the effect of the thymosin hormone on T lymphocytes?
Stimulates T lymphocytes development and activity
73
What is the location of the thyroid gland?
Anterior to the trachea
74
What is the hormone secreted by the thyroid gland?
Triiodothyronine
Tetraiodothyronine (Thyroxine, T4)
Calcitonin
75
What is the function of calcitonin?
Reduces blood calcium level deposits calcium in bones
76
What is the target tissue for thyroid hormones?
Most issues and bone
77
What are the effects of T3 and T4 hormone?
Elevate, metabolic rate and heat production
Increase oxygen consumption by cells
Regulate growth and development
78
What is the location of the parathyroid gland?
Embedded in the posterior surface of thyroid gland
79
Which hormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland?
Parathyroid hormone
80
What are the target tissues for the parathyroid hormone?
Bone
Kidneys
Small intestines
81
What is the principal effect of the parathyroid hormone?
Raises blood calcium levels
82
What is the location of the adrenal gland?
On top of each kidney
83
What are the divisions of the adrenal gland?
Cortex
Medulla
84
What are some hormones of the adrenal cortex?
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Sex hormones
85
What are the target organs of cortisol?
All tissues
86
What is the target organ of aldosterone?
Kidneys
87
What are the effects of aldosterone on the kidneys?
Reabsorb sodium, excretes, potassium
Maintains blood pressure and volume
88
What are the effects of cortisol on the body?
Raises blood glucose level
Stimulates breakdown of proteins
89
What are the effects of the sex hormones?
Stimulates reproductive organs
Bring about sex characteristics (puberty)
90
Name some hormones of the adrenal medulla
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
91
What are the target organs for epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Cardiac and other muscles
92
What are the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Released in emergency situations
Raises blood glucose levels
93
What is the location of the pancreas?
Below and behind her stomach
94
Name some hormone secreted by the pancreas
Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
Gastrin
95
What are the target organs for insulin and glucagon?
Liver
Muscles
Adipose tissue
96
What are the target organs for somatostatin?
Pancreatic alpha and beta cells
Stomach
Intestines
97
What is a target organ for the gastrin hormone?
The stomach
98
What are the principal effects of insulin?
Lowers blood glucose level
Promotes formation of glycogen
99
What is the principal effect of glucagon?
Raises blood glucose level
Gluconeogenesis
100
What is the principal effective of somatostatin?
Inhibits insulin and glucagon
Modulate digestion, and nutrient absorption
101
What is the principal effect of gastrin?
Stimulate acid secretion and gastric motility
102
What is the location of the ovaries?
Pelvic cavity
103
Name some hormone secreted by the ovaries
Estrogen
Progesterone
Inhibin
104
What is the source for the hormone inhibin?
Anterior pituitary
105
What is the target organ for Estradiol? (Estrogen)
Many tissues
106
What are the target organ for progesterone?
Uterus
Mammary glands
107
What are the principal effects of estradiol? (Estrogen)
Stimulates female sex characteristics
Regulates menstrual cycle
108
What is the principal effect of progesterone?
Regulates menstrual cycle
109
What is a principal effect of inhibin?
Inhibits FSH secretion
110
What is the location of the testes?
in the scrotum
111
What are the hormone secreted by the testes?
Testosterone
Inhibin
112
What is the target organ inhibin stimulates to effect the testes?
Anterior pituitary
113
What is the target organ for testosterone?
Many tissues
114
What are the principal effects of testosterone?
Stimulates male sex characteristics
Sperm production
115
What are the principal effects of inhibin in the testes?
Inhibits FSH secretion
116
Name the hormone produced by adipose tissue?
Leptin
117
Name the hormone produced by osseous tissue.
Osteocalcin
118
Name two hormones produced by the placenta
Estrogen
Progesterone
119
Name a hormone secreted by the heart
Natriuretic peptide
