Nutrition and Human Health Flashcards
What percentage of medical schools meeet the minimum number of hours recommended by the national academy of sciences for nutrition education?
only 30%
What are the 4 leading causes of death related to nutrition?
cardiovascular disease (#1)
cancer (#2)
stroke (#5)
diabetes (#7)
What are the leading contributors to premature death?
diet and physical inactivity is first!
tobacco alcohol microbial agents toxic agents firearms sexual behavior motor vehicles drug use
What are the dietary factors that increase preventable causes of death in the US
high dietary salt low dietary omega 3 fatty acids high dietary trans fatty acids low fruit and veggie intake low dietary poly-unsaturated fatty acids
What percentage of adults are overweight or obese?
68%!!!
more than a third are obese
What were the medical costs associated with obesity in 2008?
147 billion!
this is 1,429 higher than those of normal weight
What two sections in the ACA focused on the movement towards prevention?
title III - improving quality and efficiency of healthcare (looking at how payments are made - changing the fee for service model)
Title IV - Prevention of Chronic Disease and Improving Public Health - which formed the national prevention council
What are the four directions the national prevention council is working?
- heatlh and safe community environments
- clinical and community preventive services
- elimination of health disparities
- empowered people
What are the national prevention strategy recommendations for health eating?
- increase access to healthy and affordable food
- implement organizational and programmatic nutrition standards and policies
- improve nutritional quality of the food supply
- help people recognize and make healthy food and beverage choices
- support policies and programs that promote breastfeeding
- enhance food safety
What are the ICSI health lifestyles guidelines
diet physical activity tobacco use alcohol use sleep hygiene positive attitude
What is the minimum goal for improved nutrition from ICSI
eat a variety of fruits and vegetables every day
What are the optimal goals for improved nutrition from ICSI?
go on a diet plan that can optimize an individual’s nutritional status - Mediterranean Diet, Portfolio Diet, and DASH Diet
What percentage of water withdrawn for human use goes to agriculture?
70%
What percentage of all water-quality problems in the national rivers and strams are due to agriculture?
75%
What are the dirty dozen?
apples celery cherry tomatoes cucumbers grapes nectarines peaches potatoes snap peas spinach strawberries sweet bell peppers hot peppers kale collard greens
What are the clean fifteen?
asparagus avocadoes cabbage cantaloupe cauliflower eggplant grapefruit kiwi mangoes onions papayas pineapples sweet corn sweet peas sweet potatoes
What percentage of antibiotics produced in this country are used in animal agriculture?
80%
74% of which are for non-therapeutic purposes
What are conditions promoting antibiotic resistance in agriculture?
- failure of infection control (crowding, sub-optimal hygiene)
- exposure to antibiotics that is widespread, prolonged with little dose control
- stress reactions increase bacterial shedding
What wsa the goal of preservation of antibiotics and medical treatment act?
to direct the FDA to phase out medically important antibiotics use in agrigulture unless demonstrated not to promote resistance
What voluntary guidance did the FDA put out in 2013?
to limit certain non-therapeutic uses (growth promotion) uses of antibiotics and to put those drugs under the guidance of a veterinarian
What are the two main climate change bad actors in terms of food production?
red meat and dairy products
Which would achieve more green house gas reduction - buying all locally sourced food or shifting less than one day’s worth of calories from red meat/dairy to chicken/fish/eggs/vegetarian?
shift the diet
