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ER Week 3 > Female Reproductive System Histology > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Histology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the exocrine function of the ovary?

A

egg production and cytogenic secretions

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2
Q

What is the endocrine function of the ovary?

A

estrogen production

progesterone production

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3
Q

What are the functions of the oviduct (or fallopian tube)?

A

ovum pick-up and transport
sperm transport
site of fertilizaiton
egg nourishment

unfortunately, also a conduit for transmission of infectious agents into the peritoneal cavity

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4
Q

What are the function sof the uterus?

A
  1. implantation site for conceptus

2. contributes to formation of placenta if pregnancy occurs

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5
Q

What are the functions of the placenta?

A

nourishment of the fetus
selective exchange of material between fetus and mother
provides a fluid environment/cushion for developing fetus
hormonal functions

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6
Q

What suspends the ovaries?

A

the mesovarium of the broad ligament

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7
Q

What covers the outside of the ovary?

A

the germinal epithelium made from peritoneal covering

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8
Q

What are the two zones of the ovary?

A

medulla and cortex

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9
Q

What zone has all the follicles?

A

the cortex

the medulla mainly has the blood vessel, lymph and nerves

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10
Q

What layer is immediately under the germinal epithelium?

A

the tunica albuginea

it’s a dense fibrous connective tissue layer

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11
Q

What embryological structure gives rise to the primordial germ cells in the female?

A

yolk sac

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12
Q

About how many oogonia develop initially?

A

1x10^6

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13
Q

About how many primordial and primary follicles are present at the onset of puberty?

A

400,000

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14
Q

How many eggs will eventually mature and ovulate during a woman’s lifetime?

A

400-500

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15
Q

Are the prmordial germ cells that migrate to the ovary diploid or haploid?

A

diploid (have 46 chromosoma)

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16
Q

What cells surround the primordial germ cell in the ovary?

A

the follicular cells

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17
Q

At what developmental age do the primordial oogonia begin to enlarge and become primary oocytes?

A

third fetal month

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18
Q

What cell cycle stage do the primary oocytes become stuck in?

A

the primordial oogonia enlarge and start meiosis I, only to be halted in prophase I

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19
Q

How long will the primary oocytes remain in prophase I?

A

until just prior to ovulation

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20
Q

How many oocytes finish maturation per month

A

typically only 1

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21
Q

At what stage does the secondary oocyte become arrested?

A

metaphase II

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22
Q

Describe the follicular cells in a primordial follicle? What are they maybe derived from? They have receptors for what hormone?

A

has a single layer of flattened cells

maybe derived from germinal epithelial cells

have FSH receptors

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23
Q

Describe the follicular cells of the primary follicle. What are they called now?

A

They become taller - columnar (unilaminar primary follicle) and also eventually multiply so the layer becomes stratified (multilaminar primary follicle)

they are now called granulosa cells

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24
Q

What do the stromal cells begin to develop to surround the granulosa cells?

A

theca folliculi

which will eventually divide into a theca intera and a theca externa

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25
Q

What is the gel-like neutral protein that starts to be formed by the granulosa cells and oocyte in the primary follicle stage?

A

the zona pellucida

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26
Q

FOrmation of what differentiates a primary follicle from a secondary follicle?

A

antral space formation - begin as small spaces between the granulosa cells, eventually these small spaces become confluent to form the antrum

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27
Q

What is the antral space filled with?

A

liquor folliculi (has GAGs, plasma proteins, gonadal steroid hormones, proteoglycans, FSH, inhibin, elecrolytes, etc.)

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28
Q

What do the granulosa cells begin to form around the oocyte in the secondary follicles?

A

the cumulus oophorus

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29
Q

Describe the theca interna.

A

it’s a highly vascular, epithelioid region of stromal cells just outside the basement membrane of the follicle

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30
Q

What do the theca interna cells produce?

A

androgens, which are released intot he antrum with the follicular fluid

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31
Q

Describe the theca externa

A

region beyond the theca interna made of fusiform cells and collagen

no known secreotry function

somewhat resemble smooth muscle

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32
Q

What is another term for a mature follicle?

A

Graafian Follicle

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33
Q

Total maturation time for a follicle requires how long?

A

about 3 months

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34
Q

In the mature follicle, what is the term for the granulosa cells that are in direct contact with the egg and those that radially arrange around the zona pellucida?

A

corona radiata

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35
Q

What hormone signals the final maturation of the egg in the mature follicle?

A

LH

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36
Q

What is produced when the primary oocyte completes meiosis I?

A

the first polar body

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37
Q

What forms during ovulation to allow the egg to rupture out?

A

the stigma

the follicular wall adjacent to the tuna albuginea thins out via decreased blood flow and maybe protease release

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38
Q

After the ovum ruptures out of the follicle, what do the remnants of the follicle rapidly reorganize to form?

A

the corpus luteum

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39
Q

What does FSH do in regards to granulosa cells?

A

It stimulates their growth and promotes their synthesis of estrogen

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40
Q

FSH also stimulates receptors for what?

A

LH

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41
Q

What does LH do?

A
  1. stimulates thecal cell growth and androgen production

2. stimualtes progesterone production in the granulos acells

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42
Q

What happens to the androgens produced by the thecal cells?

A

the granulosa cells have aromatase that will convert it to estrogen

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43
Q

the dominant follicle becomes a very efficient secretor of what hormone?

A

estrogen

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44
Q

What are the two main cell components of the corpus luteum?

A

granulosa components become the granulosa lutein cells

theca interna components become the theca lutein cells

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45
Q

What do the granulosa lutein and theca lutein cells produce?

A

progesterone and some estrogen

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46
Q

Which corpus luteum always frms? How big does it get? How long does it last?

A

the corpus luteum of menstruction

reaches 1.5-2 cm

if the embryo does not get fertilizes, it will involute in about 14 days

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47
Q

What is the scar tissue from this involution called?

A

the corpora albicans (white scar)

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48
Q

What is the other corpus luteum?

A

the corpus luteum of pregnancy

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49
Q

How big does that one get?

A

5 cm

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50
Q

What maintains the corpus luteum of pregnancy?

A

maintained by hCG produced by the trophoglast

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51
Q

How long does the corpus luteum of pregnancy persist?

A

through the first trimester and then slowly involutes

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52
Q

Estrogen is primarily produced by what in this system?

A

the growing follicle

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53
Q

What are some of the functions of this estrogen?

A
  1. induces maturation of female reproductive tract and mammary glands
  2. directs repair of uterus following menstruation
  3. influences growth of mammary gland sin pregnancy
54
Q

Progesterone is primary produced by what?

A

the corpus luteum

55
Q

What are the functions of the progesterone?

A
  1. causes uterine glands to secrete
  2. prepares uterus for implantation of the fertilized ovum
  3. aids in the growth of mammary glands
  4. inhibits uterine contractions
56
Q

What produces relaxin?

A

the corpus luteum and decidual cells of the placenta

57
Q

What are the actions of relaxin?

A
  1. inhibits contractions of myometrium during pregnancy
  2. promotes dilation of cervix
  3. loosens symphysis pubis in some species
58
Q

What percentage of follicles involute without ever completely maturing?

A

over 99%!

59
Q

In general terms, describe what happens in follicular atresia.

A
  1. the ovum degenerates first
  2. follicular cells then degenerate
  3. theca interna cells degenerate last
  4. entire structure is replaced by scar tissue
60
Q

What stage of development are the follicles when they become atretic?

A

they can be in any developmental stage (besides mature obviously)

61
Q

On to the fallopian tube or oviduct….

A

1

62
Q

What are the three divisions of the oviduct?

A

ampulla
isthmus
intramural portion

63
Q

What extra portion is included in the ampulla? What is its purpose?

A

the infundibulum

it’s the funnel-shaped open end with fimbria that serve to catch the released ova

64
Q

Describe the mucosa of the ampulla?

A

mucosa with elavorate branching folds

the epithelium is simple columnar ciliated

65
Q

What are the two types of epithelial cells in the ampulla?

A
  1. ciliated cells to transport the egg toward the uterus

2. secretory cells (peg cells) for tubal fluid production, proteins, and ions

66
Q

How do the ciliated cells respond to estrogen?

A

they will increase the number of cilia

67
Q

How will the secreoty cells respond to progesterone and estrogen?

A

progesterone - increase in height and number

estrogen - increase secretory activity

68
Q

How does the mucosa of the isthmus compare to that of the ampulla?

A
  1. fewer folds than in the ampulla (unbranched)
  2. reduced numbers of ciliated cells, but secretory cells are still quite active
  3. smaller diameter
69
Q

How does the intramural segment mucosa compare to that of the ampulla and isthus?

A
  1. almost no folds
  2. no cilia - just secretory cells
  3. smallest diameter
70
Q

What additional layer is included in all those mucosal folds?

A

lamina propria

71
Q

Describe the muscularis of the fallopian tube.

A

has an inner circulaer layer of smooth muscle which is very thick

outer longituinal layer is thin and incomplete

72
Q

What does that smooth muscle allow for in the fallopian tube?

A

allows for tubal peristalsis to help embryo transport through the isthmus during the luteal phase

73
Q

What are the three structural divisions of the uterus?

A

body
fundus
cervix

74
Q

What are the three uterine wall layers from outside to inside?

A

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

75
Q

Describe the epitheliuum of the endometrium.

A
  1. simple columnar epithelium
  2. surface cells are ciliated at the opening of simple tubular glands

there is a lamina propria just beyond that

76
Q

What are the two zones of endometrium?

A

basal layer

functional layer

77
Q

Describe the basal layer. Why is it so important?

A

it’s the deepest layer and is relatively narrow

the glands here do not cycle thorough the menstrual cycle an dare not shed during menstruation or parturition

they are responsible for regeneration of the functional layer!

78
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the functional layer?

A

superficial compact layer

deep spongy layer

79
Q

Which of the functional layer subdivisions comprises the bulk of the endometrium?

A

the deep spongy

80
Q

Which one becomes really edematous before sloughing?

A

the deep spongy

81
Q

How many layers comprise the myometrium?

A

three

the cells interweave in a complex manner which makes them hard to differentiate

82
Q

Where in the uterus is the smooth muscle myometrium reduced?

A

in the cervix

83
Q

How do the muscle fibers respond to the menstrual cycle?

A

the fibers are shortest during the first week after menstruation

fibers are longest in the fourth week of the cycle

84
Q

During pregnancy, does the myometrium respond largely by hypertrophy or hyperplasia?

A

mostly hypertrophy, but some of both

85
Q

Describe the blood supply in order?

A 
uterine arteries (in broad ligament)
arcuiat arteries (in myometrium)
Straight arteries (stratum basale)
Spiral (or helical) arteries (stratum functionale)
capillaries
86
Q

How long does the menstrual cycle last on average?

A

29 days

but can range from 21 to 40

87
Q

What are the 5 phases of the menstrual cycle?

A 
proliferative phase
secretory phase
premenstrual (ischemic) phase
menstrual phase
repair phase
88
Q

What stage is the most variable in length?

A

proliferative

89
Q

In general terms, when does the proliferative phase occur?

A

Day 7-14 of the cycle (beginning at the end of the menstrual flow)

90
Q

What hormone induces the proliferative phase?

A

estrogen (from the androgens of the theca converted to estrogen by granulosa aromatase)

91
Q

How much thicker does the endometrium become during the proliferative phase?

A

undergoes a 2-3 fold increase (entirely because of the functional layer)

92
Q

Is the increase in thickness due to numerous mitoses in the glands or in the stroma?

A

trick question - both

93
Q

Describe what happens to the tubular glands during the proliferative phase.

A
  1. increase in number
  2. increase in length (remain straight)
  3. accumulate glycogen
94
Q

Describe what happens to the coiled arteries during the proliferative phase.

A

they elongate, but do not reach the surface

95
Q

The secretory phase tends to occur during what days of the cycle?

A

15-26

96
Q

What is the primary event that occurs in the secretory phase?

A

ovulation

97
Q

Ovulation precipitates the formation of the corpus luteum, which does what to the hormone profile?

A

progesterone secretion increases dramatically

estrogen secretion also increases slightly

98
Q

Endometrial thickening continues during the secretory phase, but what is it driven by now?

A

stromal edema rather than mitoses

99
Q

Describe what happens to the glands during the secretory phase.

A

the glands dilate and become saccular and tortuous

cells accumulate glycogen, salts and proteins

100
Q

Why all the glycogen accumulation?

A

It’s essentially preparing the uterus to be a good place for a fertilized egg to implant

101
Q

What happens to the coiled arteries during the secretory phase?

A

they elongate and become convoluted

they extend into the superficial portion of the endometrium

102
Q

During the secretory phase, stromal cells will continue to accumulate glycogen and lipid dropletes. What will they form if pregnancy occurs

A

the decidua of the placenta

103
Q

What stage occurs after the secretory phase?

A

the premenstrual (ischemic) phase

104
Q

What does does the premenstrual phase occur on?

A

27-28

105
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum during the premenstrual phase?

A

it regresses

106
Q

What happens to the coiled arteries in response to the decline in progesterone?

A

they will start to constrict intermittently

107
Q

What happens due to this intermittent constriction?

A

the vessels become weak and you start to see small stromal hemorrhages with seepage into the uterine lumen

108
Q

Eventually this vascular constriction becomes permanent. What does this lead to?

A

the terminal portions become anoxic and necrose

endometrium detachment begins

arterioles will bleed directly onto the denuded surface

109
Q

What occurs after the secretory phase?

A

the menstrual phase - days 1-4

110
Q

WHat happens in the menstrual phase?

A

duh…you menstruate

the functional layer of the endometrium undergoes completed necrosis and shedding

111
Q

True or false: menstrual blood does not clot.

A

true - there is fibrinolysin that prevents clotting

the “clots” you can see are RBC aggregates

112
Q

What happens after the menstrual phase?

A

the repair phase - days 5-6

113
Q

What happens during the repair phase?

A

the denuded surface is re-epithelialized from the glands and stroma

the coiled arteries being to re-grow

114
Q

Is the mucosa of the cervix shed during menstruation?

A

no

115
Q

Instead of menstruation, what is the response of the cervical mucosa to the menstrual cycle?

A

alters the type of secretion

116
Q

Describe the epithelium of the cervical mucosa

A

simple columnar with basal nuclei, pale cytoplasm

they secrete mucous

some cells are ciliated

117
Q

What happens to the epithelium at the external cervical os?

A

There is an abrupt transition from simple columnar to stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelium

this is the squamocolumnar junction

118
Q

Why is the squamocolumnar junction important clinically?

A

this is where most carcinomas of the cervix develop

119
Q

Are there coiled arteries in the lamina propria of the cervix?

A

nope

120
Q

Describe the myometrium of the cervix?

A

it’s comprised primarily of dense connective tissue - remember that the smooth muscle things out…

there is some smooth muscle present, but irregularly arranged

121
Q

There are tons of mucosal glands in the cervix. they are large and branching. What happens if their ducts become occluded?

A

Nabothian cysts - usually not pathological, but may need surgical removal if they block the os

122
Q

Describe the cervical mucus produced under the high estrogen stimulation of the secretory phase just prior and during ovulation?

A

it’s estrogenic mucus with low viscocity

this permits sperm migration

123
Q

Describe the cervical mucus during the rest of the cycle?

A

Gestrogenic mucus

high viscosity to retard sperm and particle passage

124
Q

Describe the epithelium of the vagina.

A

stratified squamous non-keratinizing

125
Q

The cells of the vagina become loaded with glycogen. Why is this important?

A

the lactobacilli (normal microflora of the vagina) consume it to produce lactic acid, which causes an acidic pH in the vagina to hinder growth of other pathogens

126
Q

What will happen to the mucosa of the vagina during the follicular phase?

A
  1. proliferation and hypertrophy of basal cells
  2. glycogen synthesis and storage
  3. exfoliated cells are eosinophilic and reach maximal in number during the periovulatory period
127
Q

What will happen to the mucosa of the vagina during the luteal phase?

A
  1. decrease in epithelial height
  2. exfoliated cells decrease in number and become basophilic
  3. leukocytes appear and are shed into the lumen
128
Q

Describe the lamina propria of the vagina.

A 
moderately dense connective tissue
many leukocytes
elastic fibers
numerous blood vessels in deeper layers
numerous transverse folds (rugae)
no glands
129
Q

If there are no vaginal glands, how does it become lubricated?

A

cervical secretions and some fluid transudation from vaginal blood vessels

130
Q

Describe the muscularis of the vagina

A

interlacing bundles of smooth muscle with a thin inner circular group and a thick outer longitudinal group

131
Q

What skeletal muscle forms a type of sphincter around the ostium of the vagina?

A

the bulbocavernosus

ER Week 3 (6 decks)

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