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ER Week 3 > Male Reproductive System Histology > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Histology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 general components of the mail reproductive system?

A 
testis
excretory ducts
accessory glands
penis
scrotum
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2
Q

What is the thick layer around the testis?

A

tunica albuginea

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3
Q

What does the tunica albuginea form on the inside of the testis?

A

it sends in projections that separate the testis into lobules

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4
Q

What does the tunica albuginea thicken to form on the posterior side of the testis?

A

the mediastinum of the testis

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5
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

it’s a protrusion of the peritonenum that forms a sac surrounding the anterior and lateral parts of the testis

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6
Q

What are the two layers of the tunica vaginalis?

A

the visceral layer is attached to the tiunica albuginea

the parietal layer is attached to the scrotum

in between is a potential space with a small amount of fluid

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7
Q

What is located in the lobules of the testis?

A

seminiferous tubules and the interstitial connective tissue between the tubules

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8
Q

What type of epithleium is in the seminiferous tubules? What cells make up the epithelium?

A

complex stratified epithelium in 4-8 layers

made up of the sertoli cells and the germ cells

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9
Q

Describe how you can differentiate a sertoli cell from the germ cells on histology?

A

the nucleus is pretty characteristics

elongated, lighter staining nucleus with a dark nucleolus

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10
Q

What germ cells will be located immediately adjacent to the basement membrane?

A

the spermatogonia

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11
Q

What will be the next germ cells up be?

A

the primary spermatocytes

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12
Q

What will the next germ cells up be?

A

the permatids

note that the secondary spermatocytes do not show up on histology typically

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13
Q

What will the next germ cells be?

A

spermatozoa

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14
Q

The whole process from spermatogonia to spermatozoa is called what?

A

spermatogenesis

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15
Q

The shorter process from spermatid to spermatozoa is called what?

A

spermiogenesis

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16
Q

True or false: in the male, all meiotic progeny become mature gametes

A

true (this is not the case in females)

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17
Q

Are spermatogonia diploid or haploid?

A

diploid

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18
Q

What are the three types of spermatogonia? In order of generation…

A

A dark
A light
B

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19
Q

When does maturation of the spermatogonia occur?

A

starting in puberty

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20
Q

What are the dark type A spermatogonia?

A

the reserve stem cells

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21
Q

What are the pale type A spermatogonia?

A

renewing stem cells

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22
Q

What are the type B spermatogonia?

A

differentiating progenitors

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23
Q

The primary spermatocytes win the prize for what?

A

they’re the largest of the germ cells

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24
Q

What stage of division do the primary spermatocytes enter?

A

meiosis 1

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25
Q

How long do the germ cells stay in the primary spermatocyte stage?

A

22+ days

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26
Q

How long do the germ cells stay in the secondary spermatocyte stage?

A

only a short amount of time

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27
Q

What stage of division do the secondary spermatocytes enter?

A

they rapidly enter meiosis II

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28
Q

Primary spermatocytes are __n

A

4n

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29
Q

secondary spermatocytes are __n

A

2n diploid

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30
Q

spermatids are __n

A

1n haploid

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31
Q

What’s special about how these divisions all happen?

A

the cells divide but remain connected by a thin strip of cytoplasm, so they basically become a synchrony of clones that form a syncytium

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32
Q

What are the 4 phases of spermiogenesis?

A

golgi phase
cap phase
acrosomal phase
maturation phase

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33
Q

What happens in the golgi phase?

A

the golgi start to form acrosomeal granules, which will begin to coalesce

axoneme assembly is initiated to start formation of the flagella

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34
Q

What happens in the cap phase?

A

the acrosomal granules fuse to form acrosomal vesicle

acrosomal vesicle forms cap over spermatid nucleus

acrosome acquires necessary enzymatic content

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35
Q

What happens in the acrosomal phase?

A

the head of the spermatid orients towards the base of the seminiferous tubule

nuclear elongation

mitochondria aggregate to the middle portion

the axonemal assembly continues to develop

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36
Q

What helps the nucleus elongate?

A

the manchette - a cylinder of numerous parallel microtubulesthat surround the nucleus just posterior to the cap

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37
Q

What happens in the maturation phase of spermiogenesis?

A

the residual body is shed

the speratozoa is released into the seminiferous tubule lumen

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38
Q

What happens to the residual body after it is shed?

A

the sertoli cell phagocytoses it

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39
Q

How do sertoli cells form the blood-testis barrier?

A

they have zonula occludens that divide the cell into basal and adluminal compartments

this forms a barrier to large molecules in the blood

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40
Q

Why is this blood-testis barrier so important?

A

As soon as the germ cells undergo meiosis I, they essentially become non-self, so it’s improtant to protect them from antibodies circulating in the blood

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41
Q

Where does germ cell migration occur in relation to the serotoli cells?

A

occurs between them

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42
Q

B spermatogonia traverse what as they enter meiosis I?

A

the zonula occludens of the sertoli cells

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43
Q

What hormone activates receptors on the sertoli cells?

A

FSH from the anterior pituitary

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44
Q

What will the sertoli cells produce in response to FSH activation?

A

androgen binding protein and inhibin

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45
Q

What does androgen binding protein do?

A

what the name says….

they bind testosterone and allow concentrations to rise in the sertoli cells - allows for normal spermatogenesis

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46
Q

What does inhibin do?

A

It feeds back to inhibit the anterior pituitary release ofFSH

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47
Q

What are some other functions of the sertoli cells besides these products?

A
  1. provide nutriion for the germ cells
  2. transports the germ cells tward te lumen
  3. phagocytosis of residual bodies
  4. production and regulation of some testicular fluid
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48
Q

What is located between the seminiferous tubules?

A

the interstitial tissue

includes collagenous fibers, blood vessels, lymph, nerves, fibroblasts, macropahges, mast cells, undiffererntiated mesenchymal cells, and…

interstitial cells of leydig

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49
Q

Describe interstitial cells of leydig.

A

they occur in compact groups

they’re large and eosinophilic with large, round nuclei

extensive smooth ER

lie near non-fenestrated blood or lymph capillaries

have crystalloi dinclusions called reinke crystals

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50
Q

What so interstitial cells lf leydig do?

A

produce testosterone

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51
Q

What hormone will activate receptors on the Leydig cells to promote testosteron production?

A

LH or ICSH in males

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52
Q

What will the LH do in terms of negative inhibition?

A

it will inhibit the hypothalamic release of GnRH, which thus decreases further LH release

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53
Q

True or false: Leydig cells are temperature sensitive, so won’t produce testosterone if too hot.

A

false - they are not temperature sensitive

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54
Q

What are the excretory ducts of the testis in order?

A 
tubuli recti (straight tubules)
rete testis
ductuli efferentes (efferent ductules)
Ductus epididymidis (epididymis9
Ductus (vas) deferens
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55
Q

Describe the tubuli recti (straight tubules). What do they do?

A

They’re very short tubes that connect the seminiferous tubules to the rete testis in the mediastrinum

the epithelium is simple columnar (cells are sertoli-like)

easiest to identify based on location next to the reti testis

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56
Q

Describe the rete testis.

A

it’s a labyrinthine plexus of epithelially-lined channels in the mediastinum of the testis

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57
Q

Describe the epithelium of the rete testis.

A

simple cuboidal

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58
Q

What part of the tubules emerge from the mediastinum on the posterior-superior aspect of testis?

A

the efferent ductules

59
Q

Describe the efferent ductules

A

each tubule forms a conical spiral with the apex towards the mediastinum.

they get wider as you continue up

have smooth muscle and elastic fibers

60
Q

How many efferent ductules are there per testis usualy?

A

12

61
Q

Describe the epithelium of the efferent ductules?

A

simple columnar epithelium that varies by height

some are tall cells with cilia
others are short cells with microvilli

62
Q

What receives the contents of the efferent ductules?

A

the epididymis

63
Q

Describe the epididymis

A

It’s a set of highly convoluted ducts (5-7 meters long!)

64
Q

What happens in the epididymis

A

further sperm maturation

they think the sperm gains various factors that incapacitate it here - then once it’s in the female reproductive tract, those factors are removed and the sperm is free to do what it wants

65
Q

Describe the epithelium of the epididymis.

A

it’s pseudostratified columnar with stereocilia and a distinct basement membrane

66
Q

What do those stereocilia do?

A

they have both absorptive and secretory activities

67
Q

What is arranged around the tubules of the epididymis?

A

circularly arranged smooth muscle

68
Q

What does the epididymis feed into?

A

the vas deferens

69
Q

Describe the vas deferens

A

it’s just a tube with a very thick muscular wall

it runs with the spermatic cord, arteries, beins, lymph vessels, nerves and cremaster muscle in the srotum

70
Q

Describe the epithelium of the vas deferens.

A

it’s still pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia and a basement membrane

71
Q

What is just outside of the basement membrane in the vas deferens?

A

a small layer of fibroelastic lamina propria

72
Q

What is special about the luminal side of the vas deferens?

A

it has a lot of luminal folds - gives it a stellate appearance almost

73
Q

What are the three distinct layers of smooth muscle in the vas deferens?

A

inner longitudinal
middle circular
outer longitudinal

(then there’s an adventitia)

74
Q

What do we call the terminal dilation of the vas deferens?

A

the ampulla

75
Q

Describe the ampulla?

A

it’s a dilated area where the mucosa is highly folded

musculature is less regularly arranged

no stereocilia on the epithelium anymore

76
Q

What are the three accessory glands of this system?

A

seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands

77
Q

Describe the seminal vesicles

A

unbranched tubular diverticulum of the distal end of the vas deferens

78
Q

When does the seminal vesicles fully develop?

A

not until puberty

79
Q

Describe the mucosa of the seminal vesicles? Epithelium?

A

it’s an intricate system of folds (primary, secondary and tertiary) that create numerous cavities of varying sizes - usually are connected to an inner main channel

the epithelium is typically columnar

80
Q

What do the epithelial cells sometimes contain in the seminal vesicles?

A

secretory vesicles and clumps of a yellowish lipochrome pigment

81
Q

Describe the seminal vesicles muscularis?

A

has an internal circular and oblique smooth msucle layer

then an external longtudinal layer

82
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicles?

A

secrete a slightly yellow, viscous fluid rich in fructose, ascorbic acid and prostaglandins

83
Q

What is the purpose of the fructose?

A

energy source for the motile sperm

84
Q

Describe the type of gland the prostate is

A

it’s a compound tubuloalveolar gland

85
Q

About how many glands surround the prostatic portion of the urethra?

About how many actually open into the prostatic urethra?

A

30-50

16-32

86
Q

Describe the capsule of the prostate gland?

A

it’s fibroelastic tisuse with an inner portion that is rich in smooth muscle

87
Q

Describe the stroma of the prostate gland

A

about 1/4 of the gland - dense fibro-muscular tissue rich in collagen, elastin and smooth muscle fibers

88
Q

What are the three groups of glands that make up the prostate gland?

A

the mucosal
submucosal
main

89
Q

Which grlands are located in the periurethral tissue and grow too big in BPH?

A

the mucosal glands

90
Q

What glands are the outer and largest portion of the gland to provide the bulk of the secretions?

A

the main glands

91
Q

Describe the eptihelium of the prostate.

A

it’s highly folded simple cuoboidal to columnar

the cells will contain secretory vesicles and yellowish lipoidal droplets

92
Q

What’s the giveaway that your’e looking at prostate on histology?

A

Concretion in the alveoli

made of calcified proteins and carbohydrate - may appear lamellated (first appears in adults, increases with age)

93
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A

makes a thin, milky, faintly acid fluid that contains citric acid, lipid, diastase, proteolytic enzymes, beta glucuronidase

94
Q

About what portion of seminal fluid is comprised or prostatic secretion?

A

about 25%

95
Q

When doe the prostate make it’s secretion

A

continuously, but especially during coitus

96
Q

What marker do we use for prostatic secretion?

A

PSA

also contains PAP

97
Q

Where are the bulbourethral glands located?

A

they lie in the connective tissue behind the membranos urethra

98
Q

What do the bulbourethral glands do?

A

secrete a clear viscous lubricating material into the urethra under conditions of sexual excitement

99
Q

Describe the skin of the penis

A

it’s thin without fat
has tall papillae and elastic loose connective tissue

note the prepuce is a circular fold of skin covering th e glans

100
Q

What are the three cylindical bodies of erectile tiusse in the penis?

A

two corpora cavernosa dorsally

corpus spongiosum ventrally

101
Q

Describe the structure of the cavernous bodies?

A

made of irregular vascular spaces that form a trabecular-like network - lined with endothelium

102
Q

What happens to these vascular spaces when the penis is in a flaccid state?

A

tend to collapse

103
Q

What vessels run longitudinally through the corpora cavernosae?

A

deep arteries

104
Q

What vessels to the deep arteries give rise to?

A

helicine arteries

105
Q

Describe these helicine arteries?

A

they spiral in a flaccid penis

have a thick tunic amedia and the intima has longitudinal ridges with smooth muscle that occlude the lumen when there is muscle tone (erection)

they open into the cavernous spaces to fill the region during erection

106
Q

Where are the venules located in the penis?

A

on the inner surface of the tunica albuginea

107
Q

What do the venules drain?

A

the cavernous spaces

108
Q

What do the venules pierce the tunica albuginea to unite/

A

the deep dorsal vein of the penis

109
Q

Describe what happens during erectil?

A
  1. parasympathetic stimulation
  2. smooth muscle of supplying arteries relax and vessels dilate
  3. the lumina dilate
  4. venules become comrpessed
  5. venous drainage reduced
  6. corpora cavernosa become trugid with blood
110
Q

What happens in emission?

A
  1. sympathetic activity
  2. the smooth muscle coat of the epididymis, vas deference and ejactulatory duct contract
  3. peristaltic contractions propel sperm intot he urethra
  4. the smooth muscle in seminal vesicles and prostate contracts such that seminal and prostatic fluids join the sperm
111
Q

What are the three sections of the male urethra

A

prostratic
membranous
penile

112
Q

Desribe the epithelium of the prostatic urethra?

A

transitional to striatied columnar epithelium

113
Q

Describe the epithelium of the membranous urethra?

A

stratified columnar epithelium

114
Q

Describe the epithelium of the penile uretrha?

A

stratified columnar to stratified squamous non-keratinizing distally

115
Q

Describe the skin of the scrotum

A

thin
fair amount of melanin
dermis with sebaceous galnds, sweat glands and hair follicles
no fat in the subcutneous tissue

116
Q

What is the thick layer of smooth muscle in the scrotum?

A

dartos muscle

117
Q

Describe how the scrotum can act as a thermoregulator?

A

cold: dartos muscle contracts to pull the testis close to body
warm: dartos muscle relaxes and testis descend

118
Q

What’s the giveaway that your’e looking at prostate on histology?

A

Concretion in the alveoli

made of calcified proteins and carbohydrate - may appear lamellated (first appears in adults, increases with age)

119
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A

makes a thin, milky, faintly acid fluid that contains citric acid, lipid, diastase, proteolytic enzymes, beta glucuronidase

120
Q

About what portion of seminal fluid is comprised or prostatic secretion?

A

about 25%

121
Q

When doe the prostate make it’s secretion

A

continuously, but especially during coitus

122
Q

What marker do we use for prostatic secretion?

A

PSA

also contains PAP

123
Q

Where are the bulbourethral glands located?

A

they lie in the connective tissue behind the membranos urethra

124
Q

What do the bulbourethral glands do?

A

secrete a clear viscous lubricating material into the urethra under conditions of sexual excitement

125
Q

Describe the skin of the penis

A

it’s thin without fat
has tall papillae and elastic loose connective tissue

note the prepuce is a circular fold of skin covering th e glans

126
Q

What are the three cylindical bodies of erectile tiusse in the penis?

A

two corpora cavernosa dorsally

corpus spongiosum ventrally

127
Q

Describe the structure of the cavernous bodies?

A

made of irregular vascular spaces that form a trabecular-like network - lined with endothelium

128
Q

What happens to these vascular spaces when the penis is in a flaccid state?

A

tend to collapse

129
Q

What vessels run longitudinally through the corpora cavernosae?

A

deep arteries

130
Q

What vessels to the deep arteries give rise to?

A

helicine arteries

131
Q

Describe these helicine arteries?

A

they spiral in a flaccid penis

have a thick tunic amedia and the intima has longitudinal ridges with smooth muscle that occlude the lumen when there is muscle tone (erection)

they open into the cavernous spaces to fill the region during erection

132
Q

Where are the venules located in the penis?

A

on the inner surface of the tunica albuginea

133
Q

What do the venules drain?

A

the cavernous spaces

134
Q

What do the venules pierce the tunica albuginea to unite/

A

the deep dorsal vein of the penis

135
Q

Describe what happens during erectil?

A
  1. parasympathetic stimulation
  2. smooth muscle of supplying arteries relax and vessels dilate
  3. the lumina dilate
  4. venules become comrpessed
  5. venous drainage reduced
  6. corpora cavernosa become trugid with blood
136
Q

What happens in emission?

A
  1. sympathetic activity
  2. the smooth muscle coat of the epididymis, vas deference and ejactulatory duct contract
  3. peristaltic contractions propel sperm intot he urethra
  4. the smooth muscle in seminal vesicles and prostate contracts such that seminal and prostatic fluids join the sperm
137
Q

What are the three sections of the male urethra

A

prostratic
membranous
penile

138
Q

Desribe the epithelium of the prostatic urethra?

A

transitional to striatied columnar epithelium

139
Q

Describe the epithelium of the membranous urethra?

A

stratified columnar epithelium

140
Q

Describe the epithelium of the penile uretrha?

A

stratified columnar to stratified squamous non-keratinizing distally

141
Q

Describe the skin of the scrotum

A

thin
fair amount of melanin
dermis with sebaceous galnds, sweat glands and hair follicles
no fat in the subcutneous tissue

142
Q

What is the thick layer of smooth muscle in the scrotum?

A

dartos muscle

143
Q

Describe how the scrotum can act as a thermoregulator?

A

cold: dartos muscle contracts to pull the testis close to body
warm: dartos muscle relaxes and testis descend

ER Week 3 (6 decks)

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