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BIO1810 Food Science > Nutrition and Health > Flashcards

Nutrition and Health Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Nutrients?

A

Nutrients are substances required by our body to maintain normal cellular functions.

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2
Q

What are Macronutrients?

A

Macronutrients are nutrients that we require in larger amounts. These encompass Water, Protein, Lipids and Carbohydrates.

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3
Q

What are Micronutrients?

A

Micronutrients are nutrients that are essential to our diet but only in small quantities. These encompass Vitamins and Minerals.

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4
Q

What states of nutrition can you over?

A

Balanced Nutrition and Malnutrition (Under and Over)

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5
Q

What is the main fuel source for the body?

A

Glucose is a major source - which is a Carbohydrate, they provide 4 kcal/g

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6
Q

What are carbohydrates made from?

A

Carbohydrates are composed oh Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.

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7
Q

What versions of Carbohydrates can you get?

A

Carbohydrates come in simple sugars, complex sugars and indigestible sugars.

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8
Q

What are simple sugars?

A

Monosaccharides and Disaccharides are simple sugars, they contain one or two sugar units respectively.

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9
Q

What are some examples of simple sugars?

A

Glucose, Fructose, Sucrose and Lactose

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10
Q

What are Complex sugars?

A

Oligiosaccharides and Polysaccharides

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11
Q

What is an Oligiosaccharide?

A

It is a complex sugar that is formed from 2 - 10 monosaccharide residues.

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12
Q

What is a Polysaccharide?

A

a polysaccharide is a complex sugar that contains a ot of units of simple sugars

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13
Q

What are non-digestible sugars?

A

These are sugars that our body cannot digest, however they will usually ferment in our gut.

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14
Q

What are lipids and fats made from?

A

Lipids are composed of Carbons and Hydrogen, however there is fewer oxygen then carbohydrates

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15
Q

What type of lipids are there?

A

Fatty Acids, triglycerides, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and sterols.

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16
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

A tryglyceride is a glycerol with three fatty acids attached.

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17
Q

What is the purpose of triglycerides?

A

Triglycerides are the storage molecules of fatty acids for the body such as adipose tissues.

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18
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Fatty acids are carboxylic acids, you can have saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

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19
Q

What makes up a fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid is composed of a hydrocarbon chain attached to a carboxyl group.

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20
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

A saturated fatty acid mean that all carbon to carbon bonds are singular and therefor fully saturated with hydrogens.

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21
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acids?

A

An unsaturated fatty acid is where the carbons are not completely saturated by hydrogens. As a result there will be double and triple bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.

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22
Q

What is a monounsaturated fat?

A

a monounsaturated fat means that there is one carbon to carbon bond that is a double bond.

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23
Q

What is a polyunsaturated fat?

A

a polyunsaturated fat means that there are numerous carbon to carbon bonds with double bonds.

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24
Q

what are the two most important fatty acids?

A

Linoleic acids (LA) and alpha linoleic acid (ALA)

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25
Q

What are LA and ALA

A

these acids are essential omega acids, our body cannot produce them and therefor it is critical that they are included in our diet.

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26
Q

what are the dietary sources of linoeic acid and alpha linoeic acid.

A

Oils (particularly fish) Nuts and Seeds

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27
Q

What are proteins comprised of?

A

Proteins contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen - proteins typicall are formed by joining amino acids.

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28
Q

What are proteins used for?

A

Proteins are used for enzymes, hormones, transporters and antibodies. They can be used for energy but it is a last resort.

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29
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

Essential amino acids are amino acids that our body cannot produce on its own and therefor relies on our diet to introduce it to our system.

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30
Q

Why is water important in our diet?

A

It acts as a solvent and lubricant in our body.
Helps temperature regulation
acts as a transporter of nutrients in our blood.

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31
Q

What are minerals?

A

Minerals are inorganic compounds that are typically ions.

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32
Q

What are some typical minerals required in our diet?

A

Na+, K+, MG2+, CA2+ and Cl -

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33
Q

What are minerals critical for?

A

Minerals are critical in maintaining function in our nervous system. they maintain electrolyte and water
levels

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34
Q

What are vitamins?

A

These are organic molecules that maintain cellular functions. Most participate in energy production pathways, however the have minimal energy values themselves. we cannot produce these in our body

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35
Q

What groups of vitamins are there?

A

There is water soluble and fat soluble vitamins.
Vitamins A, D, E and K are all fat soluble whilst Vitamins B and C are water soluble. the fat soluble vitamins can be store whilst the water soluble vitamins are excreeted.

36
Q

What is Glycolosis?

A

Glycolosis is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate.

37
Q

Why is pyruvate important?

A

Because we can convert pyruvate into Acetyl -CoA

38
Q

Why do we need Acetyl -CoA

A

Because we break it down in the citric cycle to convert it to free electrons, these free electrons are then used to convert ADP to ATP.

39
Q

What are the three processes that glucose undergoes to produce energy?

A

Glycolosis, Citric Acid Cycle and Electron transfer.

40
Q

Why is the pathway that metabolises glucose important?

A

Because it can also metabolise lipids and proteins

41
Q

How many molecules of pyruvate does one glucose make?

A

You get 2 molecules of pyruvate for every glucose molecule.

42
Q

what happens if we have an excess of glucose?

A

If we have an excess of glucose in the glycolosis system then glycogenesis will begin.

43
Q

What does glycogenesis do?

A

Glycogenesis converts glucose into glycogen, we use glycogen as a energy reserve.

44
Q

how do we get glucose from glycogen?

A

Glycogenolysis

45
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

The ETC funnels protons into the mitochondria to convert ADP to ATP

46
Q

Why is glucose better then fructose?

A

Fructose has a different structure and as such favours being converted into triglyceride, which increases obesity and type 2 diabetes.

47
Q

What is the glycaemic index?

A

It is the comparison of the % blood glucose response of a food containing glucose compared to pure glucose.

48
Q

why is a higher Glycaemic index bad?

A

Because it overloads our metabolic system.

49
Q

Why is lower glycaemic index good?

A

Because after eating a particular food it will not put burden on the body to metabolise the glucose.

50
Q

What is the pitfall to GI

A

GI does not take into account fructose which is a major producer of triclycerides.

51
Q

What is the glyceamic load?

A

the glycaemic load is (Grams of Carbs in 1 serve times by (Glycaemic index over 100)

52
Q

What are the different levels of GI

A

Under 55% is low
55 to 70% is medium
and 70% above is high

53
Q

Why do we need Na+

A

This ion is a major ion in extra cellular fluid which maintains the electrical grandients across membranes.

54
Q

Where do we get Na+

A

White bread, meat, cheese, soup and tomato sauce

55
Q

What do deficiencies in Na+ lead to?

A

Dehydration, sweating, vomiting, dizziness and shock.

56
Q

Why do we need K+

A

Major ion in Intracellular fluid which maintains electrical gradients across membranes

57
Q

Where do we get K+

A

Bananas

58
Q

What do defficiencies in K+ lead to?

A

Hypokalemia

59
Q

What is a trace mineral?

A

Trace minerals are minerals that we need even less of then the major ones such as sodium ions and potassium ions

60
Q

What is selenium and why do we need it?

A

selenium is a trace mineral that is required for redox reactions.

61
Q

Where do we get selenium

A

Cereals, black tea, milk powder, mushrooms, soybeans, lima beans and broccoli

62
Q

What are the results of selenium deficiencies?

A

cardiomyopathy, hypothyroid cretinism

63
Q

Why do we need iron?

A

We need it for haemoglobin and enzymes.

64
Q

What happen if we are defficient in iron

A

Anaemia

65
Q

why do we need iodine

A

For the synthesis of thyroid hormones, we get it from fish

66
Q

what happens if we do not get enough iodine

A

Hypothyroidism

67
Q

What is vitamin A

A

Retinol, Retinal and Retinoic Acid which plays a role in vision.

68
Q

Where do we get it from?

A

B-Carotene (carrots) and fish, liver and oil.

69
Q

What happens if we have a deficiency in Vitamin A

A

Poor growth, diminished vision.

70
Q

What is Vitamin D

A

Vitamin D is synthesised by our cells by using sunlight to convert cholesterol into vitamin D

71
Q

What happens if you are deficient in vitamin D

A

Ricketes

72
Q

What is vitamin e

A

They are tocopherols and tocopheroids that are gained from wehat, peanuts and asparagus

73
Q

What happens if you are deficient in vitamin E

A

Fat absorption problems

74
Q

What is Vitamin K and why do we need it

A

It is a vitamin that is required for blood clotting

75
Q

What is vitamin B

A

These act as coenzymes, major ones are thiamin, riboflavin and niacin

76
Q

What is vitamin C and why do we need it

A

Ascorbic acid, is a cofactor for metalloenxymes

77
Q

What is Diabetes?

A

It is hyperglaecemia - which means there is excess glucose in the blood. There are two categories of diabetes Type 1 and 2

78
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

This is due to a low production of insulin, we can combat this by introducing more insulin into the system.

79
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

The most common type, our body gains resistance to insulin causing an influx of glucose in the system. We can treat this by modifying the diet and exercise regime.

80
Q

What complications are associated with diabetes?

A

Cardiovascular disease, nephropathy and neuropathy. Essentially organs gets damaged

81
Q

what is lactose intolerance?

A

Our gut doesn’t have sufficient lactase to be able to break down the lactose.

82
Q

What do proteins do?

A

They build and maintain muscle, they also account for 18 to 20 % of your body.

83
Q

What are major protein difficiencies

A

Marasmus and kwashiorkor

84
Q

What are the causes of marasmus

A

Diet deficient in both protein and calories.

85
Q

what are the causes of kwashiorkor

A

diet deficient in just protein

BIO1810 Food Science (7 decks)

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