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GI - Week 2 > Nutrition and disease > Flashcards

Nutrition and disease Flashcards

1
Q

This condition is severe acute malnutrition with preferential inadequate protein intake

A

Kwashiorkor

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2
Q

Early weaning and high carbohydrate feeding, and nephrotic syndrome, are causes of this form of severe acute malnutrition

A

Kwashiorkor

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3
Q

The result of this severe acute malnutrition form is loss of visceral protein

A

Kwashiorkor

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4
Q

The result of this severe acute malnutrition form is loss of somatic protein

A

Marasmus

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5
Q

What produces generalized edema in Kwashiorkor?

A

Decreased albumin production

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6
Q

What causes hepatomegaly in Kwashiorkor?

A

Decreased hepatic lipoprotein production –> fatty liver

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7
Q

Generalized edema and hepatomegaly are seen in this form of severe acute malnutrition

A

Kwashiorkor

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8
Q

This condition is severe acute malnutrition due to decreased caloric intake
Protein intake is proportionately reduced

A

Marasmus

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9
Q

Growth retardation and loss of muscle mass with preservation of head size is seen in this form of severe acute malnutrition

A

Marasmus

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10
Q

In Marasmus, this type of protein is preferentially maintained

A

Visceral
(but decreased somatic protein - MSK)

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11
Q

What are the levels of albumin in Marasmus?

A

Normal

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12
Q

What are the levels of albumin in Kwashiorkor?

A

Low (causes edema)

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13
Q

This is the most common cause of death in anorexia

A

Hypokalemia
(results in cardiac arrhythmia and sudden death)

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14
Q

Does hypo- or hyperthyroidism occur in anorexia?

A

Hypothyroid

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15
Q

Amenorrhea occurs in anorexia due to decrease in this

A

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)

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16
Q

Is malnutrition more severe in anorexia or bulimia?

A

Anorexia

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17
Q

Is anoreixa or bulimia more often fatal?

A

Anorexia

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18
Q

Does anorexia or bulimia involve hypokalemia, leading to cardiac arrhythmias?

A

Both

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19
Q

Do esophageal / gastric ulcers or ruptures occur in anorexia or bulimia?

A

Bulimia

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20
Q

Are hypervitaminosis syndromes more common with fat or water soluble vitamins?

A

Fat soluble
(A, D, E, K)

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21
Q

Deficiency of fat soluble vitamins may arise from this type of syndrome

A

Fat malabsorption syndromes
(pancreatitis, crohns, celiac)

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22
Q

This vitamin functions in epithelial differentiation (especially mucinous), embryology, cell division and differentiation

A

Vitamin A

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23
Q

Retinols (organ meats) and carotenes (orange vegetables) are sources of this vitamin

A

Vitamin A

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24
Q

This source of Vitamin A comes from organ meats

A

Retinols

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25
Q

In addition to retinitis pigmentosa, this can also cause night blindness

A

Vitamin A deficiency

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26
Q

What can cause squamous metaplasia of conjunctiva in Vitamin A deficiency?

A

Lack of mucin

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27
Q

This is a constellation of eye findings in Vitamin A deficiency

A

Xerophthalmia

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28
Q

Xerophthalmia is a constellation of eye findings due to this

A

vitamin A deficiency

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29
Q

Deficiency of this vitamin mainly affects the eye, but can also cause diarrhea, and decreased mucociliary clearance in the respiratory tract

A

Vitamin A

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30
Q

Hypervitaminosis A is due to intake of this form

A

Active form = retinol

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31
Q

Is hypervitaminatosis A due to excess consumption of carotenes?

A

No
is due to intake of active form - retinol

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32
Q

This hypervitaminosis results in cerebral edema, bone abnormalities, hepatomegaly, and is teratogenic

A

Vitamin A

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33
Q

Excess of this vitamin is teratogenic

A

Vitamin A

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34
Q

In addition to being teratogenic, excess vitamin A also mainly affects this structure

A

Brain –> cerebral edema (pseudotumor cerebri)

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35
Q

Fat soluble vitamin involved in calcium metabolism

A

Vitamin D

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36
Q

Cholecalciferol is a form of this vitamin

A

Vitamin D

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37
Q

Vitamin D is converted to active form (1,25 dihydroxyD3) in this structure

A

Kidney

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38
Q

Vitamin D is stimulated by this hormone and hypocalcemia

A

Parathyroid hormone

39
Q

Vitamin D is stimulated by parathyroid hormone, and hypo- or hypercalcemia?

A

Hypocalcemia

40
Q

This vitamin is stimulated by parathyroid hormone and hypocalcemia

41
Q

Does Vitamin D increase or decrease intestinal Ca absorption?

42
Q

Does Vitamin D increase or decrease renal reabsorption of Ca?

43
Q

This vitamin increases intestinal Ca, renal reabsorption of Ca, and bone mineralization

44
Q

Normal bones with decreased mineralization are seen in this vitamin deficiency

A

Vitamin D deficiency (osteomalacia)

45
Q

This hypervitaminosis will cause hypercalcemia, bone pain, and metastatic calcification

46
Q

This vitamin is a cofactor for production of clotting factors

47
Q

Vitamin K is a cofactor for the production of this

A

Clotting factors

48
Q

Vitamin K is derived from metabolism of this

A

Coliform bacteria

49
Q

This vitamin is derived from coliform bacteria metabolism

50
Q

What are the Vitamin K dependent clotting factors?

A

Factors II, VII, IX, X (pro-coag)
also protein C and protein S (anti-coag)

51
Q

Deficiency states of this vitamin occur with neonates, significant antibiotic use, and fat malabsorption

52
Q

The result of this vitamin deficiency is bleeding diathesis

53
Q

Ascorbic acid is this vitamin

54
Q

Vitamin C is entirely derived from this

A

diet
(milk, liver, fish, vegetables, fruit)

55
Q

This vitamin is involved in hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues
Most important in collagen synthesis

56
Q

Vitamin C is involved in hydroxylation of proline and lysine, and is most important in synthesis of this

57
Q

Corkscrew hairs are seen in this vitamin deficiency

A

Vitamin C (Scurvy)

58
Q

Skin bruising, poor wound healing, corkscrew hairs, and periodontal disease/loosening with bleeding gums, are seen in this vitamin deficiency

A

Vitamin C (Scurvy)

59
Q

Thiamine is this vitamin

A

Vitamin B1

60
Q

Deficiency in this vitamin occurs with malnutrition and especially chronic alcohol abuse

A

Vitamin B1 (thiamine)

61
Q

This B vitamin participates in carboxylation reactions

A

Vitamin B1

62
Q

Riboflavin is this vitamin

A

Vitamin B2

63
Q

This B vitamin is involved in many redox reactions

A

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

64
Q

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is absorbed in this location

65
Q

This vitamin deficiency involves atrophic glossitis, angular cheilitis, and corneal vascularization

A

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

66
Q

This vitamin acts as a proton acceptor for Krebs cycle and other redox reactions

A

Vitamin B3 (niacin)

67
Q

Niacin is known as this vitamin

A

Vitamin B3

68
Q

Deficiency of this vitamin may occur in cereal grain diets (corn-based diets) or with isoniazid prescription

A

Vitamin B3 (niacin)

69
Q

Pellagra is a deficiency in this vitamin

A

Vitamin B3 (niacin)

70
Q

Dermatitis, diarrheal illness, and dementia are characteristic of this vitamin deficiency

A

Vitamin B3 (niacin)

71
Q

Cracked pavement or flaking paint skin rash, often in sun-exposed areas, with “Casal’s necklace” is seen in this vitamin deficiency

A

Vitamin B3 (niacin) = Pellagra

72
Q

What are the three main symptoms of Pellagra (deficiency of Vitamin B3 (niacin))?

A

Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia

73
Q

Pyridoxine is this vitamin

A

Vitamin B6

74
Q

This vitamin is a cofactor for ALA synthase

A

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

75
Q

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) is a cofactor for this enzyme

A

ALA synthase

76
Q

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) is absorbed here

77
Q

Angular cheilitis/stomatitis, and sideroblastic anemia, are seen in deficiency of this vitamin

A

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

78
Q

Sideroblastic anemia is characteristic of this vitamin deficiency

A

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

79
Q

Folate is this vitamin

A

Vitamin B9

80
Q

This B vitamin is a coenzyme for single carbon transfer reactions

A

Vitamin B9 (folate)

81
Q

Vitamin B9 (folate) is absorbed here

82
Q

Functional deficiency of this vitamin occurs with methotrexate use

A

Vitamin B9 (folate)

83
Q

Megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects in neonates occur in this vitamin deficiency

A

Vitamin B9 (folate)

84
Q

Functional deficiency of Vitamin B9 (folate) can occur with use of this drug

A

Methotrexate

85
Q

Cobalamin is this vitamin

A

Vitamin B12

86
Q

This B vitamin participates in DNA synthesis and folate reactions

A

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

87
Q

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is absorbed here

A

Ileum
(requires intrinsic factor, parietal cells, and acidic stomach)

88
Q

Deficiency of this vitamin can cause subacute combined deficiency (late) and megaloblastic anemia

A

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

89
Q

Eczematous dermatitis that is especially perianal/perioral can occur with a deficiency of this

90
Q

This is an inherited form of zinc deficiency, involving decreased ZIP4 (zinc transporter)
Same manifestations as acquired disorder (dermatitis, diarrhea, hair loss, muscle wasting, mental irritability) but neonatal

A

Acrodermatitis enteropathica

91
Q

Acrodermatitis enteropathica is an inherited form of this deficiency

92
Q

Acrodermatitis enteropathica has this inheritance pattern

A

Autosomal recessive

93
Q

Acrodermatitis enteropathica involves a decrease in this compound

A

ZIP4 (zinc transporter)

GI - Week 2 (12 decks)

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