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GI - Week 2 > Hepatobiliary & Pancreas Histology > Flashcards

Hepatobiliary & Pancreas Histology Flashcards

1
Q

All nutrients (except chylomicrons) absorbed in the alimentary canal are transported directly to the liver via this structure

A

Portal vein

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2
Q

Iron-rich blood from the spleen is routed, by way of this structure directly to the liver for processing

A

Portal vein

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3
Q

Does the liver have endocrine or exocrine functions?

A

Both

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4
Q

This is the liver’s exocrine secretion

A

Bile

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5
Q

Does the same cell function in both the formation of the liver’s exocrine secretion (bile) as well as its endocrine products?

A

Yes
(hepatocyte)

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6
Q

This is a fibrous connective tissue capsule that surrounds the liver

A

Glisson’s capsule

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7
Q

Glisson’s capsule is a fibrous connective tissue capsule surrounding this organ

A

Liver

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8
Q

Superficial to Glisson’s capsule, the liver is enveloped by visceral peritoneum of this type of epithelium
(except where it adheres to the diaphragm via the coronary ligament)

A

Simple squamous

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9
Q

Hepatic artery is a branch of this

A

Celiac trunk

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10
Q

Liver lobules are roughly this shape, with a central vein at its center and six portal triads at its periphery

A

Hexagonal

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11
Q

Central veins of the liver lobules drain into these veins, and then to inferior vena cava

A

Sublobular veins

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12
Q

The liver consists of organized plates of hepatocytes, which in the adult are normally this many cells thick and separated by sinusoidal capillaries

A

One

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13
Q

The liver consists of organized plates of hepatocytes, which in young individuals are normally this many cells thick

A

Two

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14
Q

The walls of hepatic sinusoids (endothelial cells) are fenestrated for this function

A

Allows passage of compounds
(metabolites, nutrients, chemical compounds, cellular debris)

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15
Q

The portal triad is made up of these three structures which course together

A

Portal vein
Hepatic artery
Bile duct

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16
Q

This component of the portal triad is rich in nutrients

A

Hepatic portal vein

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17
Q

This component of the portal triad supplies the liver with oxygen

A

Hepatic artery

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18
Q

The bile duct is lined with this type of epithelium, that becomes columnar near the porta hepatitis

A

Cuboidal

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19
Q

The bile duct is lined with cuboidal epithelium, that becomes this type near the porta hepatitis

A

Columnar

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20
Q

This is the boundary between the connective tissue stroma (portal triad) and the parenchyma

A

Limiting plate

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21
Q

The limiting plate is the boundary between these two components of the liver

A

Connective tissue stroma (portal triad) and the parenchyma

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22
Q

The parenchyma of the liver is this many cells thick

A

One

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23
Q

The parenchyma of the liver is separated by these

A

Sinusoids

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24
Q

Hepatocytes radiate from the central vein, forming fenestrated plates of liver cells, separated from each other by vascular spaces known as this

A

Hepatic sinusoids

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25
Q

This is the space along the portal canal that surrounds the vessels in the portal area where lymph collects to enter small tributaries of lymph vessels

A

Space of Mall

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26
Q

This is a perisinusoidal space that separates the hepatocytes and the liver sinusoids

A

Space of Disse

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27
Q

This is a continuation of the Space of Mall, and consists of hepatocyte microvilli

A

Space of Disse

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28
Q

The Space of Disse is a continuation of this

A

Space of Mall

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29
Q

This acts as an intermediate compartment for plasma nutrients between hepatocytes and the bloodstream, as they do not come in contact

A

Space of Disse

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30
Q

These cells belong to the mononuclear phagocyte system and are a regular part of the vessel sinusoid lining of the liver
Removal of damaged erythrocytes

A

Kupffer cells

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31
Q

Processes of these cells span the sinusoidal lumen and may even partially occlude it
Are activated upon liver injury
Take up stains

A

Kupffer cells (macrophages)

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32
Q

This cell type found in the perisinusoid space (Space of Disse) is the primary storage site for Vitamin A in lipid droplets

A

Stellae (Ito) cells

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33
Q

Hepatic stellate (Ito) cells are the primary storage site for this compound

A

Vitamin A

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34
Q

In certain pathologic conditions, such as chronic inflammation or liver cirrhosis, these cells lose their lipid and vitamin A storage capability and differentiate into cells with characteristics of myofibroblasts

A

Hepatic stellate (Ito) cells

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35
Q

Vitamin A is released from these cells as retinol, which is transported from the liver to the retina to form rhodopsin, the visual pigment of rods and cones

A

Hepatic stellate (Ito) cells

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36
Q

Vitamin A is released from stellate (Ito) cells as this compound, which is transported from the liver to the retina to form rhodopsin, the visual pigment of rods and cones

A

Retinol

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37
Q

Hepatic lymph originates in this perisinusoidal space

A

Space of Disse

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38
Q

This liver lobule type’s flow direction through sinusoids to central vein

A

Classic liver lobule

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39
Q

This liver lobule type functions in distribution of bile from hepatocytes to a certain bile duct

A

Portal lobule

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40
Q

This liver lobule type’s blood flow is from the distributing arteriole

A

Liver acinus (Acinus of Rappaport)

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41
Q

Three lobules contacting each other is known as a portal area, which houses these 4 structures

A

Branches of hepatic artery
Large limbs of portal vein
Interlobular bile ducts
Lymph vessels

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42
Q

The interlobular bile ducts are lined by this type of epithelium

A

Simple cuboidal

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43
Q

This liver lobule type emphasizes the exocrine functions of the liver

A

Portal lobule

(bile secretion)

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44
Q

This liver lobule type is the structural unit that provides the best correlation between blood and perfusion, metabolic activity, and liver pathology

A

Liver acinus

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45
Q

In the liver acinus, hepatocytes are arranged in these different zones

A

Zone 1 (periphery of classic lobule; closest to branches of portal vein and hepatic artery)
Zone 2
Zone 3 (closest to central vein of classic lobule)

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46
Q

This zone of the liver acinus is the periphery of the classic lobule and closest to branches of the portal vein and hepatic artery

A

Zone 1

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47
Q

This zone of the liver acinus is the most metabolically active

A

Zone 1

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48
Q

This zone of the liver acinus is the “Periportal zone”

A

zone 1

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49
Q

This zone of the liver acinus is the most nutrient-oxygenated, and last affected by ischemia

A

Zone 1

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50
Q

This zone of the liver acinus is affected first by viral hepatitis

A

Zone 1

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51
Q

This zone of the liver acinus is the “intermediate zone”

A

Zone 2

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52
Q

This zone of the liver acinus is closest to the central vein of the classic lobule

A

Zone 3

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53
Q

This zone of the liver acinus is the “centrilobular zone”

A

Zone 3

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54
Q

This zone of the liver acinus is the least oxygenated, so first affected by ischemia

A

Zone 3

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55
Q

This zone of the liver acinus is most sensitive to metabolic toxins

A

Zone 3

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56
Q

This zone of the liver acinus has vacuoles that show lipid accumulation and atrophic dying hepatocytes

A

Zone 3

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57
Q

The biliary tree is lined by these cells, which monitor blood flow and regulate content

A

Cholangiocytes

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58
Q

Cholangiocytes are mainly this shape

59
Q

Inside the liver, this structure defines the apical region of the hepatocyte, and the sinusoidal space faces the basal domain

A

Bile canaliculus

60
Q

Inside the liver, the bile canaliculus defines the apical region of the hepatocyte, and this faces the basal domain

A

Sinusoidal space

61
Q

Inside the liver, bile is secreted into this, which are the smallest branches of the biliary tree

A

Bile canaliculi

62
Q

The bile canaliculi merge to form these canals, before draining into the bile ductules of the poral areas

A

Canals of Hering

63
Q

Canals of hering are lined by these two cell types

A

Cholangiocytes (simple cuboidal) and hepatocytes

64
Q

These structures are lined by simple cuboidal cholangiocytes and hepatocytes and exhibits contractile activity that assist with unidirectional flow towards portal triad

A

Canals of Hering

65
Q

Canals of Hering have been shown to serve as a reservoir of these cells

A

Liver progenitor cells

66
Q

These structures serve as a reservoir of liver progenitor cells
Also has contractile activity that assists with unidirectional flow towards portal triad

A

Canals of Hering

67
Q

Are canals of Hering or bile ductules lined partly by hepatocytes and partly by cholangiocytes?

A

Canals of Hering

68
Q

Are canals of Hering or bile ductules lined entirely by cholangiocytes?

A

Bile ductules

69
Q

The right and left hepatic ducts combine to form this structure

A

Common hepatic duct

70
Q

The cystic duct (with spiral valve of Heister) joins the common hepatic duct to form this

A

Common bile duct

71
Q

The common bile duct combines with the main pancreatic duct to form this

A

Ampulla of Vater

72
Q

These two ducts form the ampulla of Vater

A

Common bile duct and Main pancreatic duct

73
Q

The ampulla of Vater drains into the descending portion of the duodenum through this

A

Sphincter of Oddi

74
Q

The Ampulla of Vader drains into this organ through the sphincter of Oddi

A

Duodenum (descending portion)

75
Q

The biliary duct system is lined with this type of epithelium of cholangiocytes

A

Simple columnar

76
Q

This layer of the biliary duct system is thick near the duodenal papilla, where it contributes to the formation of a sphincter

A

Muscularis externae

77
Q

The biliary duct system has a thick muscularis externae near the duodenal papilla, where it contributes to the formation of this

78
Q

This is a pancreozymic secretion by neuroendocrine cells of the duodenum that stimulates gallbladder contraction

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

79
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a pancreozymic secretion by neuroendocrine cells of the duodenum that stimulates contraction of this structure

A

Gallbladder

80
Q

This is a blind pouch that receives dilute bile from the hepatic duct
Removes excess water and concentrates bile

A

Gallbladder

81
Q

The gallbladder wall is composed of this type of epithelium in the mucosa, that has numerous apical microvilli and a well vascularized lamina propria

A

Simple columnar

82
Q

This gallbladder wall is well vascularized and folds when empty

A

Lamina propria

83
Q

The gallbladder wall lacks these two layers

A

Muscularis mucosae
Submucosa

84
Q

The gallbladder receives dilute bile from this duct

A

Hepatic duct

85
Q

The gallbladder discharges bile into this duct

A

Common bile duct

86
Q

This layer of the gallbladder wall is thin and houses collagen, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle cells

A

Muscularis externa

87
Q

External to this layer of the gallbladder wall is a connective tissue layer that houses innervation and vascular structures

A

Muscularis externae

88
Q

The gallbladder is attached to the liver surface via this

A

Adventitia

89
Q

The gallbladder is non-attached to the liver via this

90
Q

These are hardened deposits of the digestive fluid bile, that can form within the gallbladder

A

Gallstones

91
Q

These occur when there is an imbalance in the chemical constituents of bile that result in precipitation of one or more of the components

A

Gallstones

92
Q

Gallstones are hardened deposits of this

A

Digestive fluid bile

93
Q

Lighter, larger gallstones are composed of this

A

Cholesterol

94
Q

Smaller, darker gallstones are composed of this

A

Bile pigment

95
Q

Are gallstones composed of cholesterol smaller or larger?

A

Larger
(and lighter)

96
Q

Are gallstones composed of bile pigment smaller or larger?

A

Smaller
(and darker)

97
Q

This part of the pancreas sits posterior to the superior mesenteric vessels

A

Uncinate process

98
Q

These are the two main ducts of the pancreas

A

Main pancreatic duct
Accessory pancreatic duct

99
Q

The Duct of Wirsung is also known as this

A

Main pancreatic duct

100
Q

The Main pancreatic duct begins in this part of the pancreas

101
Q

This pancreatic duct begins in the tail, runs to the right along the entire pancreas and carries pancreatic juice containing enzymes

A

Main pancreatic duct

102
Q

This joins the bile duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater) before entering the second part of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla

A

Main pancreatic duct

103
Q

Santorini’s duct is also known as this

A

Accessory pancreatic duct

104
Q

The accessory pancreatic duct begins in this part of the pancreas

A

Lower portion of the head

105
Q

This pancreatic duct begins in the lower portion of the head of the pancreas and drains a small portion of the head and body

A

Accessory pancreatic duct

106
Q

This pancreatic duct empties at the minor duodenal papilla approximately 2 cm above the greater papilla

A

Accessory pancreatic duct

107
Q

This pancreatic duct enters the second part of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla

A

Main pancreatic duct

108
Q

This pancreatic duct empties at the minor duodenal papilla

A

Accessory pancreatic duct

109
Q

Does the exocrine or endocrine pancreas produce and secrete enzymes into the duodenum that are essential for digestion?

110
Q

Does the exocrine or endocrine pancreas produce and secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood?

111
Q

Is the exocrine pancreas found throughout the organ?

112
Q

Is the endocrine pancreas found throughout the organ?

A

No; dispersed in distinct cell masses called islets of Langerhans

113
Q

This is the functional unit of the exocrine pancreas

114
Q

The endocrine pancreas is dispersed in these distinct cell masses

A

Islets of Langerhans

115
Q

This component of the pancreas has concentrated proenzymes in acidophilic zymogen granules, giving it an eosinophilic appearance; and contain digestive enzymes

A

Acinar cells (of exocrine pancreas)

116
Q

These cells are the beginning structures of the duct system of the exocrine pancreas

A

Centroacinar cells

117
Q

These cells are continuous with the cells of the intercalated duct that lies outside of the acinus

A

Centroacinar cells

118
Q

The intercalated duct of the pancreas is lined by this type of epithelium

A

Simple low cuboidal

119
Q

This part of the exocrine pancreas adds bicarbonate and water to the exocrine solution

A

Intercalated duct

120
Q

The intralobulated collecting duct is lined by this type of epithelium

A

Simple cuboidal

121
Q

This part of the exocrine pancreas has enteroendocrine and occasional goblet cells
Drain into the main pancreatic duct of Wirsung, which runs the length of the gland

A

Interlobulated duct

122
Q

The interlobulated duct is lined by this type of epithelium

A

Low columnar

123
Q

The interlobulated duct drains into this, which runs the length of the gland

A

Main pancreatic duct of Wirsung

124
Q

Does the pancreas have striated ducts?

A

NO
(differs from the parotid gland)

125
Q

Does the pancreas have stratified ducts?

A

No
(differs from the parotid gland)

126
Q

Does the pancreas have myoepithelial cells?

A

No
(differs from the parotid gland)

127
Q

Secretin and cholecystokinin are released in response to this

A

Acidic chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach

128
Q

This hormone stimulates duct cells in the pancreas to secrete a large volume of bicarbonate and little to no enzyme content

129
Q

Secretin stimulates these cells in the pancreas to secrete a large volume of bicarbonate and little to no enzyme content

A

Duct cells

130
Q

Secretin stimulates duct cells in the pancreas to secrete a large volume of this compound, and little to no enzyme content

A

Bicarbonate

131
Q

This hormone causes pancreatic acinar cells to secrete their proenzymes

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

132
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) causes these pancreatic cells to secrete their proenzymes

A

Acinar cells

133
Q

These islet cells secrete glucagon

A

Alpha cells

134
Q

These islet cells secrete insulin

A

Beta cells

135
Q

These islet cells secrete somatostatin

136
Q

These islet cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide

137
Q

These islet cells secrete ghrelin

138
Q

The insuloacinar portal system is the blood supply to the endocrine or exocrine pancreas?

139
Q

Alpha islet cells secrete this compound

140
Q

Beta islet cells secrete this compound

141
Q

Delta islet cells secrete this compound

A

Somatostatin

142
Q

PP(F) islet cells secrete this compound

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

143
Q

Epsilon islet cells secrete this compound

GI - Week 2 (12 decks)

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