Nutrition and Cellular Metabolism Flashcards
List the main function of macronutrients and where this occurs.
Macronutrients provide energy where the fuel sources are converted into ATP in the mitochondria
List the kj needed for both men and women between 19 and 30 needed to avoid chronic dx
men aged 19-30 need 10300 and women 8400
Explain the glycaemic index
the GI compared carbs with glucose in how quickly they increase BGL eg low GI keeps you fuller for longer, high GI short term energy
What is protein made of?
amino acids
What are lipids made of and what do they form before entering blood?
fatty acids and glycerol form triglycerides before entering blood
Spare glucose is stored as what?
Glycogen (glycogenesis)
Why is most energy stored as fat?
per gram, fat is the most efficient energy substrate
1g fat = 9kcal
1g protein= 4kcal
1g carb = 4kcal
What are the three ways glucose is broken down into energy?
glycolysis, citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
Describe glycolysis and the output
2 ATP used to convert glucose = pyruvate, 4 ATP and 2 NADH
describe the citric acid cycle and the output
pyruvic acid is converted into Acetyl CoA and enters cycle, output is 3 NADH, ATP and FADH
Describe oxidative phosphorylation and the output
electrons are brought to the first complex by NADH and FADH, electrons move from one complex to another and are oxidized at each one, complex V harnesses the energy and synthesizes ATP, output roughly 30 ATP
What molecules can generate Acetyl CoA other than pyruvic acid?
fatty acids and glycerol can be generated into Acetyl CoA and enter citric acid cycle
Describe the 3 steps of amino acid degradation and where it occurs.
occurs in liver
1) transamination
amino acid transfers it’s amine group to keto acid
2) oxidation deamination
amine group removed as ammonia
3) keto acid modification
keto acids modified to enter citric acid cycle
How many kcals per g of alcohol and what is recommended limit of our total cals from alcohol?
1g alc= 7.1kcals, should obtain no more than 5% calories from alcohol
List the steps of alcohol -> acetyl CoA
alcohol is converted to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase where acetaldehyde is major factor contributing to hangovers, acetaldehyde converted to acetate by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, acetate -> acetyl CoA
