Nutrition Flashcards
Macronutrients
Essential nutrients that provide energy
- Proteins, fats and carbohydrates
Micronutrients
Essential nutrients that the body needs in small amounts
Serve to regulate and control the functions of the body
- Vitamins (water soluble, fat soluble), minerals
Essential nutrients
Cannot be synthesized in the body or from other nutrients (must be included in the diet)
i.e. water, omega 3 and 6, vitamins A, iron, potassium, sodium, calcium
Non-essential nutrients
Can be synthesized in the body or found in alternative sources
Dietary intake of these nutrients reduces the needs for biosynthesis
i.e. amino acids, vitamin K and D
Examples of macronutrients
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fat
Functions of carbohydrate
main source of energy
cell structure
brain
spare body protein
Functions of proteins
muscle and bone development
transport
defense - antibodies
fluid and electrolyte balance
Functions of fats
secondary source of energy cell functions cushioning temperature regulation steroid hormones lining nerves transport of lipoproteins
What processes occur during short-term starvation?
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
What processes occur during long-term starvation
lipolysis
once adipose tissue is depleted, proteolysis
albumin
- indicates protein status
- fluid and electrolyte balance
- transport of nutrients, hormones and drugs
Transferrin
used to transport iron through the body to all cells
Hemoglobin
- indicates iron status
- measures oxygen and iron-carrying capacity of blood
BUN
- indicates the degree that protein is being depleted or replaces
(when protein is utilized, unused material is ammonia, where it is processed into urea and filtered out in urine)
24 hour urine
- used to measure creatinine
- creatinine is released during skeletal muscle metabolism
lymphocyte count
can indicate protein deficiency when lymphocyte count is low
Types of Malnutrition
a. protein calorie malnutrition (PCM)
b. starvation-related malnutrition (primary PCM)
c. chronic disease-related malnutrition (secondary PCM)
d. acute disease or injury-related malnutrition
Nutritional therapies for burns
a. fluid and electrolyte replacement
b. high calorie, high carb, high protein diet
v. vitamin and mineral supplements
Nutritional therapies for HTN/CAD
a. weight reduction
b. decrease intake of saturated fats and cholesterol
Nutritional therapies for CHF
a. restrict sodium
b. fluid restriction
Cancer cachexia
- Severe form of malnutrition caused by tumour-induced changes in metabolism and nutrient losses
- Complex syndrome that results in severe wasting of lean body mass and weight loss
- follow safe-food handling
Water soluble Vitamins
B complex
- cell metabolism
C
- protein metabolism
Fat soluble vitamins
A - vision, skin, bone, immune system D - calcium absorption K - clotting E - cell wall
