Nutrition

Question 1

Macronutrients

Answer 1

Essential nutrients that provide energy

- Proteins, fats and carbohydrates

Question 2

Micronutrients

Answer 2

Essential nutrients that the body needs in small amounts
Serve to regulate and control the functions of the body
- Vitamins (water soluble, fat soluble), minerals

Question 3

Essential nutrients

Answer 3

Cannot be synthesized in the body or from other nutrients (must be included in the diet)

i.e. water, omega 3 and 6, vitamins A, iron, potassium, sodium, calcium

Question 4

Non-essential nutrients

Answer 4

Can be synthesized in the body or found in alternative sources
Dietary intake of these nutrients reduces the needs for biosynthesis

i.e. amino acids, vitamin K and D

Question 5

Examples of macronutrients

Answer 5

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fat

Question 6

Functions of carbohydrate

Answer 6

main source of energy
cell structure
brain
spare body protein

Question 7

Functions of proteins

Answer 7

muscle and bone development
transport
defense - antibodies
fluid and electrolyte balance

Question 8

Functions of fats

Answer 8

secondary source of energy
cell functions
cushioning
temperature regulation
steroid hormones
lining nerves
transport of lipoproteins

Question 9

What processes occur during short-term starvation?

Answer 9

glycogenolysis

gluconeogenesis

Question 10

What processes occur during long-term starvation

Answer 10

lipolysis

once adipose tissue is depleted, proteolysis

Question 11

albumin

Answer 11

• indicates protein status
• fluid and electrolyte balance
• transport of nutrients, hormones and drugs

Question 12

Transferrin

Answer 12

used to transport iron through the body to all cells

Question 13

Hemoglobin

Answer 13

• indicates iron status

- measures oxygen and iron-carrying capacity of blood

Question 14

BUN

Answer 14

• indicates the degree that protein is being depleted or replaces
  (when protein is utilized, unused material is ammonia, where it is processed into urea and filtered out in urine)

Question 15

24 hour urine

Answer 15

• used to measure creatinine

- creatinine is released during skeletal muscle metabolism

Question 16

lymphocyte count

Answer 16

can indicate protein deficiency when lymphocyte count is low

Question 17

Types of Malnutrition

Answer 17

a. protein calorie malnutrition (PCM)
b. starvation-related malnutrition (primary PCM)
c. chronic disease-related malnutrition (secondary PCM)
d. acute disease or injury-related malnutrition

Question 18

Nutritional therapies for burns

Answer 18

a. fluid and electrolyte replacement
b. high calorie, high carb, high protein diet
v. vitamin and mineral supplements

Question 19

Nutritional therapies for HTN/CAD

Answer 19

a. weight reduction

b. decrease intake of saturated fats and cholesterol

Question 20

Nutritional therapies for CHF

Answer 20

a. restrict sodium

b. fluid restriction

Question 21

Cancer cachexia

Answer 21

• Severe form of malnutrition caused by tumour-induced changes in metabolism and nutrient losses
• Complex syndrome that results in severe wasting of lean body mass and weight loss
• follow safe-food handling

Question 22

Water soluble Vitamins

Answer 22

B complex
- cell metabolism
C
- protein metabolism

Question 23

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 23

A
- vision, skin, bone, immune system
D
- calcium absorption
K
- clotting
E
- cell wall