nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

nutritional requirements must be met for

A
  • essential nutrients must be replaced for loss and to allow the growth of new tissues
  • energy to permit metabolic functions
  • maintenance, growth and development
  • development of immunity
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2
Q

Phases of child growth

A
  • infancy= nutrition led
  • childhood= growth hormone led
  • pubertal= sex steroid led
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3
Q

EAR stands for

A

estimated average requirement which means 50% of the population will need more than this value and 50% of the population will need less than this value

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4
Q

RNI stands for

A

recommended nutritional intake and it is 2 standard deviations above the estimated average requirements and is sufficient for 97% of the population

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5
Q

LRNI stands for

A

lower reference nutritional intake and it is 2 standard deviations below the estimated average requirement and it is only sufficient for 3% of the population who have the lowest needs

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6
Q

protein

A

reference nutrient intake is 12.7 to 14.5g per day for infants aged 4-18 months)

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7
Q

energy reference values between 0-12 months

A

takes into account the energy deposited in new tissue plus the total energy expenditure

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8
Q

energy reference values between 1-18 years

A

takes into account

  • total energy expenditure and deposited energy costs: basal metabolic rate x physical activity level
  • estimated average requirement calculated at median physical activity level values for best estimated of healthy body weight
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9
Q

majority of children

A

exceed their estimated average requirement for energy

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10
Q

Vitamins

A

Vitamin A, C and D

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11
Q

vitamin A

A

RNI is 350-400 micrograms/day

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12
Q

dietary sources of vitamin A

A

cheese, egg and yoghurts

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13
Q

dietary intake of vitamin A

A

is greater than the RNI for all age groups

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14
Q

vitamin C

A

RNI is 25-30 miligrams per day

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15
Q

dietary sources of vitamin C

A

oranges, blackcurrant and potatoes

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16
Q

dietary intake of vitamin C

A

is greater than the RNI for all age groups

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17
Q

vitamin D

A

RNI is 7-8.5 micrograms per day

18
Q

sources of vitamin D

A

main source is from sunlight but a small amount comes from oily fish and eggs

19
Q

vitamin D intake is

A

below the RNI for all breastfed infants of all age groups and below the RNI for non-breastfed infant aged 12-18 months

20
Q

vitamin supplements

A
  • from 6 months infants who are not consuming at least 500mls/day of infant formula should take VITAMIN A,C AND D supplements
  • breast feeding mothers should take vitamin D supplements of 10 micrograms per day
21
Q

sodium RNI

A

aged 4-6 months= 280mg
aged 7-9 months= 320mg
aged 10-11 months= 350mg
aged 12-18 months= 500mg

22
Q

1g of salt contains

A

393mg of sodium

23
Q

sodium intake

A

exceeds the RNI for all age groups except for the 4-6 months

24
Q

minerals are

A

iron and calcium

25
Q

Healthy eating recommendations

A

for children aged 11-18 years

  • fruit and veg= at least 5 portions a day
  • oily fish= 1 portion a week
  • total fat= no more than 35% of food energy
  • saturated fatty acids= no more than 11% of food energy
  • trans fatty acids= no more than 1% of food energy
  • non-milk extrinsic sugars= no more than 11% of food energy
  • fibre= at least 18g/day
26
Q

physical activity for infants not yet walking

A
  • floor based and water based activities in a safe environment
  • minimal time spent sedentary except when sleeping
27
Q

physical activity guidelines for children capable of walking

A
  • 180 minutes throughout the day

- minimise time spent sedentary for extended period except when sleeping

28
Q

physical activity guidelines for 5-18 years

A
  • 60 minutes or more of moderate to vigorous physical activity
  • 3 days per week should be spent doing vigorous intensity activity
29
Q

exclusive breastfeeding is

A

recommended for the first 6 months of an infants life

30
Q

infant formula is

A

modified cows mils which is whey or casein based (whey biased formula is recommended for the infants first year of life)

31
Q

transition from exclusive breast feeding to family foods

A

generally should start at about 6 months of age, some infant may require it earlier but it should never be started before 4 months

32
Q

Unmodified cows milk

A
  • full fat cows milk should be introduced to cooking from 6-9 months
  • full fat cow milk can be gradually introduced as a drink from 12 months
  • semi-skimmed milk should not be introduced before 2 years of age
  • skimmed milk should not be introduced before 5 years of age
33
Q

weaning is the process of

A

introducing foods with an increase in variety of texture, flavour, aroma and appearance during weaning the average energy density of food should be no less than 1kcal/gram

34
Q

if child is being weaned before 6 months

A

they should only be given gluten free food (gluten containing foods before 6 months increase risk of child developing coeliac)

35
Q

during weaning

A

no sugar or salt should be added and foods that may cause allergies should be introduced one at a time e,g cereals containing gluten, eggs, nuts, soya, fish

36
Q

during weaning you should give foods

A

rich in absorbable iron regularly e.g red meat and canned fish

37
Q

during weaning

A

avoid whole seeds and nuts until 5 years of age

38
Q

teeth

A

should be cleaned twice a day as soon as they appear using 1000ppm fluoride toothpaste

39
Q

for optimal dental health

A

infants should be introduced tok drinking form a cup or beaker from about 6 months of age

40
Q

benefits of breastfeeding

A
  • greater likelihood go higher IQ at 7 and a half
  • lower obesity tis for baby in later life
  • lower maternal risk of breast cancer
  • immunological protection
  • reduced risk of diarrhoea, respiratory infection and atopic disease