nutrition Flashcards
nutritional requirements must be met for
- essential nutrients must be replaced for loss and to allow the growth of new tissues
- energy to permit metabolic functions
- maintenance, growth and development
- development of immunity
Phases of child growth
- infancy= nutrition led
- childhood= growth hormone led
- pubertal= sex steroid led
EAR stands for
estimated average requirement which means 50% of the population will need more than this value and 50% of the population will need less than this value
RNI stands for
recommended nutritional intake and it is 2 standard deviations above the estimated average requirements and is sufficient for 97% of the population
LRNI stands for
lower reference nutritional intake and it is 2 standard deviations below the estimated average requirement and it is only sufficient for 3% of the population who have the lowest needs
protein
reference nutrient intake is 12.7 to 14.5g per day for infants aged 4-18 months)
energy reference values between 0-12 months
takes into account the energy deposited in new tissue plus the total energy expenditure
energy reference values between 1-18 years
takes into account
- total energy expenditure and deposited energy costs: basal metabolic rate x physical activity level
- estimated average requirement calculated at median physical activity level values for best estimated of healthy body weight
majority of children
exceed their estimated average requirement for energy
Vitamins
Vitamin A, C and D
vitamin A
RNI is 350-400 micrograms/day
dietary sources of vitamin A
cheese, egg and yoghurts
dietary intake of vitamin A
is greater than the RNI for all age groups
vitamin C
RNI is 25-30 miligrams per day
dietary sources of vitamin C
oranges, blackcurrant and potatoes
dietary intake of vitamin C
is greater than the RNI for all age groups
vitamin D
RNI is 7-8.5 micrograms per day
sources of vitamin D
main source is from sunlight but a small amount comes from oily fish and eggs
vitamin D intake is
below the RNI for all breastfed infants of all age groups and below the RNI for non-breastfed infant aged 12-18 months
vitamin supplements
- from 6 months infants who are not consuming at least 500mls/day of infant formula should take VITAMIN A,C AND D supplements
- breast feeding mothers should take vitamin D supplements of 10 micrograms per day
sodium RNI
aged 4-6 months= 280mg
aged 7-9 months= 320mg
aged 10-11 months= 350mg
aged 12-18 months= 500mg
1g of salt contains
393mg of sodium
sodium intake
exceeds the RNI for all age groups except for the 4-6 months
minerals are
iron and calcium
Healthy eating recommendations
for children aged 11-18 years
- fruit and veg= at least 5 portions a day
- oily fish= 1 portion a week
- total fat= no more than 35% of food energy
- saturated fatty acids= no more than 11% of food energy
- trans fatty acids= no more than 1% of food energy
- non-milk extrinsic sugars= no more than 11% of food energy
- fibre= at least 18g/day
physical activity for infants not yet walking
- floor based and water based activities in a safe environment
- minimal time spent sedentary except when sleeping
physical activity guidelines for children capable of walking
- 180 minutes throughout the day
- minimise time spent sedentary for extended period except when sleeping
physical activity guidelines for 5-18 years
- 60 minutes or more of moderate to vigorous physical activity
- 3 days per week should be spent doing vigorous intensity activity
exclusive breastfeeding is
recommended for the first 6 months of an infants life
infant formula is
modified cows mils which is whey or casein based (whey biased formula is recommended for the infants first year of life)
transition from exclusive breast feeding to family foods
generally should start at about 6 months of age, some infant may require it earlier but it should never be started before 4 months
Unmodified cows milk
- full fat cows milk should be introduced to cooking from 6-9 months
- full fat cow milk can be gradually introduced as a drink from 12 months
- semi-skimmed milk should not be introduced before 2 years of age
- skimmed milk should not be introduced before 5 years of age
weaning is the process of
introducing foods with an increase in variety of texture, flavour, aroma and appearance during weaning the average energy density of food should be no less than 1kcal/gram
if child is being weaned before 6 months
they should only be given gluten free food (gluten containing foods before 6 months increase risk of child developing coeliac)
during weaning
no sugar or salt should be added and foods that may cause allergies should be introduced one at a time e,g cereals containing gluten, eggs, nuts, soya, fish
during weaning you should give foods
rich in absorbable iron regularly e.g red meat and canned fish
during weaning
avoid whole seeds and nuts until 5 years of age
teeth
should be cleaned twice a day as soon as they appear using 1000ppm fluoride toothpaste
for optimal dental health
infants should be introduced tok drinking form a cup or beaker from about 6 months of age
benefits of breastfeeding
- greater likelihood go higher IQ at 7 and a half
- lower obesity tis for baby in later life
- lower maternal risk of breast cancer
- immunological protection
- reduced risk of diarrhoea, respiratory infection and atopic disease
