normal child development Flashcards
factors influencing normal development
genetic, nutritional and environmental
development occurs in the
cephalocaudal direction which means growth occurs in the head to tail direction
development is split into how many areas
4
4 main areas of development
- gross motor
- fine motor and vision
- language and hearing
- social behaviour and play
for development to progress what must be lost
primitive reflexes
primitive reflexes defintion
innate movements in the newborn which hold some survival value or establish gratifying interaction between parent and infants
what are the primitive reflexes
rooting, sucking, palmar grasp reflex. stepping, asymmetric tonic neck reflex, morro reflex, plantar reflex
rooting reflex
head will turn to the point of stimulation to cheek or mouth, should be lost by 4- 6months
sucking reflex
child will instinctively such anything that stimulates the roof of the mouth
palmar grasp reflex
when an object tickles the infants palm the fingers will close in a palmar grasp, should be lost by 6 months and is replaced by the pincer grip
stepping reflex
when the soles of the feet touch a fat surface the infant will attempt to walk, lost by 6 weeks
asymmetric tonic neck reflex
also known as the fencing reflex, when the head is turned to one side when lying down the arm on the same side straightens and the arm on the opposite side bends
morro reflex
when the infants head changes position suddenly there arms quickly abduct and then adduct, should be lost by 2 months
plantar reflex
fanning of the toes if you stimulate the sole of the foot, lost by 1 year
gross motor development
involves function and myelination of neurons, development of proprioception and muscular strength, anything that interferes with these processes will result in delay or inability to attain motor milestones
disorders affecting neuronal function
cerebral palsy, hypoxic/ ischaemic brain injury, rest syndrome
myelination disorders
niemman-pick, Tay sachs, krabbe and gaucher disease
disorders affecting muscular strength
muscular dystrophy
developmental co-ordination disorder
acquisition and execution motor skills below that which is expected at a given chronological age manifested by clumsiness and inca-ordination, diagnosis of exclusion as not otherwise explained by an intellectual or neuromuscular disorder
for all milestones premature babies are expected to reach milestones
later depending on how premiere they are (i.e. expected age to read milestones is the normal chronological age plus how premature they were)
by 6 weeks of age gross motor development
- infant should be able to hold there head up and should be able to raise head slightly in the prone position
- important for baby to get experience in the prone position (i.e. on their front) in order to develop neck muscles for head control
- however, they should never be put to sleep in the prone position as it increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome
by 3 months of age gross motor development
- infant should be able to lift head above plane when held in the horizontal position and there should be no head lag on pulling to sit
- primitive reflexes should begin to be lost
by 6 months of age gross motor development
baby should be able to push up on arms in prone and can roll from stomach to back
by 9 months of age gross motor development
infant stands holding onto furniture and may crawl
by 12 months of age gross motor development
baby should be able to stand on their own and is cruising, they may or may not be able to take there first steps
between 12-15 months gross motor development
baby begins to walk
by 18 months gross motor development
infant should be able to run and will be able to climb onto and sit on a chair
by 2 years gross motor development
child can jump and ascend and descend stairs 2 feet per tread and can throw a ball overhead
by 3 years gross motor development
chid should be able to ascend and descend starts with alternating feet and can pedal a trike
by 4 years gross motor development
child can hop on preferred foto and can kick throw and catch a ball and can run up and down stairs and can hop
by 6 weeks fine motor and vision development
follows torch with eyes
by 3 months fine motor and vision development
regards hands in midline
by 6 months fine motor and vision development
explores objects by mouthing and transfers objects from hand to hand
by 9 months fine motor and vision development
pick up raisin between thumb and hand and use index finger to point
by 12 months fine motor and vision development
casting toys and bangs toys together
by 18 months fine motor and vision development
builds 3-4 block and develops a hand preference
by 2 years fine motor and vision development
builds 6-7 blocks and can do a circular scribble
by 3 years fine motor and vision development
copies a circle and cuts with scissors
by 4 years fine motor and vision development
threads beads and can draw a man with heads, legs and a trunk
by 6 weeks language and hearing development
stills to voice
by 3 months language and hearing development
laughs and coos
by 6 months language and hearing development
screams when annoyed and babbles tunefully
by 9 months language and hearing development
polysyllabic babble and imitates adult sounds
by 12 months language and hearing development
immediately response to name and jargons
by 18 months language and hearing development
can speak 5-20 words and points to body parts
by 2 years language and hearing development
joins 2 words together and knows 50+ words and understands simple instructions
by 3 years language and hearing development
knows own name and sex and asks a lot of questions
by 4 years language and hearing development
recounts stories of recent experiences and can speak in sentences of 5+ words
by 6 weeks social behaviour and play
social smile
by 3 months social behaviour and play
reacts pleasurably to familiar situations
by 6 months social behaviour and play
friendly with strangers and plays with feet
by 9 months social behaviour and play
finds hidden object and is anxious around stragners
by 12 months social behaviour and play
wanes bye-bye and drinks from a cup
by 18 months social behaviour and play
feeds with spoon and imitates adult activated such as sweeping and cleaning
by 2 years social behaviour and play
puts on hat and shoes and develops symbolic play such as feeding baby
by 3 years social behaviour and play
vivid pretend play and understands sharing
by 4 years behaviour and play
dresses and undresses and understands turn taking
