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Equine I > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is the stomach capacity of the horse?

A

5-15L

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2
Q

Where does enzymatic digestion of CHO, protein, and fats occur?

A

Duodenum and jejunum

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3
Q

What is the main site of fermentation in the digestive tract?

A

Caecum and large colon

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4
Q

Hindgut fermentation

A

Large hindgut to accommodate fermentation of digesta by microorganisms

Volatile fatty acids produced by fermentation

VFA used for energy or converted to glucose or fat

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5
Q

What behaviour is a high concentrate diet associated with?

A

Inappropriate eating (bedding, faeces, wood)

Increased aggression/nervous behaviour when conc increase and roughage decreases

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6
Q

What behaviour is a high starch diet associated with?

A

Severe fluctuations in glucose and insulin - ?fizzy horses

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7
Q

What is the effect of high concentrate diet on saliva production?

A

Less saliva produced with concentrates compared to forage

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8
Q

Cresty neck scoring

A

0 - no palpable crest

1- no visible crest, but filling on palpation

2- noticible crest, even fat distribution. Can be cupped in one hand and moved.

3- Crest enlarged and thickened, more fat in middle. Fills hand and difficult to move from side to side.

4- Grossly enlarged and thickened, may have creases and wrinkles perpendicular to topline.

5- crest droops to one side.

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9
Q

How much of a horses diet should be forage?

A

At least 50% of total equine ration by weight

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10
Q

What weight of forage should horses be fed?

A

At least 1.5-2% BW in forage or forage substitutes (hay cubes)

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11
Q

Average max daily DMI

A

2.5-3% BW

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12
Q

Maintenance daily energy requirements

A

33.3kcal/kg BW (30.3 - 36.3)

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13
Q

Protein ration needed for horses at different times in their life

A

Growing horses have a higher need for protein 14-16% total ration

Mature 8-10%

Geriatric similar to young, as long as liver and kidney function adequate

Pregnancy 10-11%

Lactation 12-14%

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14
Q

What are the most useful amino acid supplements?

A

Lysine and leucine

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15
Q

Which oils can be used to supplement diet?

A

Avoid clear plastic containers-light oxidised-air and light causes degradation - loss of vits, palatability and production f pro-inflammatory compounds

Linseed oil thought to be best based on profile, palatability, and price. Readily available

Avoid those high in omega 6 and low in omega 3-corn, oat, wheat, soya

Coconut oil expensive, no omega 3, high in omega 6 (inflammatory)

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16
Q

Minimum daily maintenance water intake

A

5L/100kg BW/day

Increases with diet

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17
Q

Calcium and phosphorus requirements

A

Mature animals have lowest requirement

Greatest need during growth, last third of pregnancy and lactation

Maintain ratio Ca:P >1.1 (1.5:1)

Avoid excess Ca> 1% total ration if renal function issue

18
Q

Salt requirements

A

Requirements vary significantly with exercise/sweating

Usually 1.6-1.8g salt/kg feed DM

Heavy sweating can lead to losses >30g in 1-2hr

‘nutritional wisdom’ - voluntary seek out salt when needed

Salt blocks provided in stables/at pasture

Rarely consume in excess
‘water buffet’ in diarrhoea patients

19
Q

Potassium requirements

A

RDI 0.5g/kg BW

Most roughages contain >1% K, usually sufficient

Lactation, sweating etc increases needs x 1.8

Most horses in work benefit from balanced electrolyte solution

20
Q

Iron requirements

A

Thought that most horses over supplemented

Maintenance 40mg/kg feed DM

Higher 50mg/kg DM in growth, pregnancy/lactation

Rarely need supplementation - low PCV alone is not an indication for supplementation. Extra iron does not increase RBC production. Only given when significant blood loss

Difficult to excrete

Toxic to young foals

May interfere with absorption of other minerals (Zn and Cu - poor coat and hoof quality)

Sub-clinical toxicity though to be more common than deficiency (extremely rare)

?link to EMS and obesity reduction in normal response to insulin

21
Q

Most common problem in geriatric horses

A

Weight loss

22
Q

Geriatric diet

A

Higher CP (12-16% cf 10-12% adult)

High quality protein sources - soybean

Treated grains to improve starch digestibility

Added vegetable oil (4-7% fat)

Often additional fibre (at least 12%) so that can be fed as a complete feed

Calcium, no more than 1%

Avoid legumes, high in calcium as older horses may have reduced P absorption

23
Q

Vitimins for geriatrics

A

Vitamin C supplementation recommended

10-25g BID

? Use in horses with chronic infections

Vit E supplementation, esp. if oil is added to diet

24
Q

Serum protein - albumin test (reflecting nutrition)

A

Reflects protein status and intake.

Usually low in severe inflammation as it is an acute phase protein.

Synthesised in liver, so low in liver disease, also in protein losing enteropathy’s, severe parasitism, blood loss, or protein losing nephropathy

Abnormally elevated in dehydration

Must resolve disease process first before albumin levels improve, regardless of diet

25
Q

Clinical signs of dental disease

A

weight loss, halitosis, quidding, choke and food packing

26
Q

Dietary modification for mild dental disease

A

grass better (longer better),

may cope well with soft, easily digestible forage such as long stem hay

27
Q

Signs of PPID

A

Prone to laminitis

Pot bellied appearance due to muscle loss

PU/PD

Excessive sweating

28
Q

Diet for PPID

A

Pergolide may have adverse effect on appetite, especially at high doses

May need to add very tempting palatable food to diet, such as carrots, apples, fruit juice, or cinnamon

Do not feed pergolide in main feed - feed in small quantity of enticing food to ensure its ingestion

Can add oils or fibre-beet to diet

Care with turnout to pasture -thought that late at night and early mornings there are lower fructans (?frost increases fructans)

Low starch, high calorie feed is best, if feeding concentrates

Vitamin and mineral supplementation

Feed balancer

29
Q

Diet for EMS horses

A

Care with turnout to pasture - late at night and early mornings have lower fructans, frost increases fructans

Soluble CHO in forage should not exceed 10%

Reduce forage intake to 1.25-1.5% BW

If thin give high calorie feed, oils (lower glycaemic index)

If fat give low calorie chaff and enrichment/feeding impeders

30
Q

What % of liver function has to be lost before the horse develops clinical signs?

A

60-70%

31
Q

Liver disease diets

A

Based on glycaemic CHO (molasses, beet pulp, corn)

Lower protein (unless muscle wastage)

High BCAA to AAA ratio to reduce gastrointestinal ammonia production

Wheat and oats should be avoided

Good quality grass

Multivitamin supplementation - esp B vitamins, Vitamin A, D, E, and K

Avoid iron supplemtns

32
Q

Equine exertional rhabdomyolysis

A

Exercise associated muscle damage

33
Q

Rhabdomyolysis

A

A group of muscle disorders that may present in a similar fashion clinically but differ in pathogenesis

34
Q

Rhabdomyolysis caused by inherited abnormalities

A

Polysaccharide storage myopathy or recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis

35
Q

Diet for rhabdomyolysis

A

Increase dietary fat

Reduce starch (main factor)

Fat supplementation beneficial when DE requirement high

Possible positive effect of fat on temperament which may reduce risk of RER

36
Q

PSSM

A

Glycogen storage disorder

Genetic predisposition

37
Q

Diet for PSSM

A

High fibre

Low starch and sugar (reduce starch to <10% DE - reduce grains and molasses)

Oil/fat as an energy source - not all cases need high fat

38
Q

Medical treatment for osteoarthritis

A

Intra-articular steroids, polysulfated glyosaminoglycans or hyaluronic acid

39
Q

Neutraceuticals for osteoarthritis

A

Glucosamine and chondroitin most common
- poor bioavailability
- % in supplements varies greatly
- may have mild benefit

Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)

Etc.

40
Q

Probiotics

A

Several proposed mechanisms of action
* Colonisation resistance
* Production of antimicrobial compounds
* Immune stimulation

EBM lacking despite widespread use-small study demonstrated positive effects on immune system

Quality control poorly regulated

41
Q

Turmeric

A

Popular supplement in human nutrition

Shown to improve mobility in human OA

Studies based on lab animals focusing on cancer and liver effects

Lack of studies on safety and efficacy in Equine nutrition

Equine I (21 decks)

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