Nutrition Flashcards by Ellen Hosking

What does ophiophagy mean?

When an animal eats snakes

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What is a granivore?

A herbivorous animal that mainly feeds on ‘true’ grasses. E.g. horses, cows, guinea pigs

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What is an insectivore?

An animal that eats insects

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What is a fruigivore?

An animal that feeds on fruit

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What does xylophagy mean?

A herbivorous animal that mainly eats wood. E.g. insects and arthropods

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What sort of feeder is a rabbit?

A fibervore

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What is the definition of a nutrient?

A substance used by the body, that must be supplied in adequate amounts from food consumed

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What are amino acids?

Molecules that combine to form proteins/peptides/dipeptides/polypeptides

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How many amino acids are needed to make a peptide?

2 or more

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How many amino acids are needed to make a dipeptide?

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How many amino acids are needed to make a polypeptide?

3 or more

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How many amino acids are needed to make a protein?

50 or more

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How many types of amino acid are there?

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What are the 2 types of amino acid called?

Essential + Non essential

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What do amino acids do?

-Break down food
-Grow and repair body tissues
-Make hormones and brain chemicals
-Provide energy
-Build muscle

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How many essential amino acids do dogs need?

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How many essential amino acids do cats need?

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Why do cats have higher requirements for proteins and amino acids?

Cats can break down protein rapidly and are unable to adapt when dietary supplies are low by reducing the rate of breakdown

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What is a fat?

A class of macronutrients called triglycerides

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What are carbohydrates?

Essential macronutrients that provide the body with energy and dietary fiber

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What are the 3 types of carbohydrate?

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

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What are monosaccharides?

Simple sugars

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What are 3 monosaccharides?

Glucose, Galactose, Fructose

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What are disaccharides?

2 monosaccharides

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What are 3 disaccharides?

Sucrose(sugar), Lactose, Maltose

What are polysaccharides?

Many monosaccharides

What are 3 polysaccharides?

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose

What is the most essential nutrient?

Water

What are uses of water in the body?

-Function of all cells/organs -Chemical reactions -Lubricates joints -Saliva -Regulates body temp (perspiration) -Helps move food along intestinal tract

What can vitamins help to fight?

Disease

What can minerals help with in the body?

Health and Growth+Development

What is dentition?

The arrangement or condition of the teeth in a particular species or individual

What are the 2 types of teeth?

Primary(baby), Permenant(adult)

What are the 4 specific types of teeth?

Incisors, Canines, Premolars, Molars

What are incisors needed for?

Biting into things

What are canines needed for?

Tearing food

What are premolars needed for?

Grinding up food

What are molars needed for?

Chewing food

What are the pair of teeth called that carnivores have?

Carnassials

What are carnassial teeth for?

Act as shears to slice up meat, sinew and bone

What is a diastema?

A gap between the teeth

What are some dental problems?

-Tartar buildup -Plaque buildup -Cavities -Gum disease -Abscesses

What does monogastric mean?

An animal with a single-compartmented stomach

What are some examples of monogastric animals?

Pigs, Horses, Rabbits, Dogs, Cats

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine called?

Duodenum-Jejunum-Ileum

What does the pancreas do?

Secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum, that break down proteins, fats and carbs. The pancreas also makes insulin

Where is bile made?

The liver

Where is bile stored?

The gallbladder

What are the 2 types of enzyme in the small intestine?

Protease(trypsin) and Protease(peptidase)

What does trypsin do?

Helps to breakdown and digest protein

What does peptidase do?

Peptidase is involves in the degradation of off-function proteins in lysosomes

What are the 2 enzymes in the large intestine?

Lipase and Protease

What does lipase do?

Breaks down fats

What is digestion?

The breakdown of nutrients into small enough parts for your body to absorb and use for energy, growth and repair.

What are the 2 types of digestion called?

Physical/mechanical and Chemical

What is physical digestion?

The mechanical breakdown of food- in the mouth: chewing

What is chemical digestion?

The use of certain enzymes to break down certain nutrients, such as carbs, proteins and fats into smaller molecules

What are enzymes?

Proteins that act as catalysts

What are Hind Gut Fermenters?

Monogastric herbivores that have a larger cecum where microbial fermentation occurs

Why do horses not need a gallbladder?

Because they are trickle feeders- bile doesn't need to be stored if they are eating continually

Why don't all of the end products of fermentation for HGF get absorbed?

Because the cecum and colon lie after the ileum

What is cecotrophy?

When animals(like rabbits/guinea pigs) eat their feces for nutritional value

What do caecotrophs have in them?

-High microbial protein content -Less fiber -Lots of vitamin B

Why might a rabbit lose its desire to eat ceacotrophs?

If it is fed a diet that is too rich

What does the ruminant digestive system consist of?

Rumen-Reticulum-Omasum-Abomasum

What are some ruminant aniamls?

Sheep, Cows, Deer, Goats

What happens within the rumen?

Majority of fiber fermentation

What is the rumen lined with to increase absorption?

Papillae

What happens within the reticulum?

Feed is sorted into digested and undigested- smaller digested pieces pass into the omasum & the larger pieces are sent back into the esophagus to be chewed again(cud). The reticulum is also referred to as the stone trap

What happens inside the omasum?

Main sight of water absorption

What happens in the abomasum?

It produces acids and enzymes to break down proteins

What are the 3 types of deamination?

Oxidative, Non-oxidative, Transamination

What are some factors that might change food requirements?

-Type of feed -Quality of food -Growth -Lactation -Weather/Temp -Breed -Health status -Working

What does VFI mean?

Voluntary Food Intake

What does BMR mean?

Basal Metabolic Rate

What is BMR

The energy needed to run the very basic bodily functions – such as breathing & heartbeat

What does RER mean?

Resting Energy Requirement

What is RER

the energy needed for an animal at rest

What is energy used for?

-Movement -Growth -Digestion -Respiration -Circulation -Nerve function

What does BARF diet stand for?

Bones And Raw Food