Nutrition Flashcards
What does ophiophagy mean?
When an animal eats snakes
What is a granivore?
A herbivorous animal that mainly feeds on ‘true’ grasses. E.g. horses, cows, guinea pigs
What is an insectivore?
An animal that eats insects
What is a fruigivore?
An animal that feeds on fruit
What does xylophagy mean?
A herbivorous animal that mainly eats wood. E.g. insects and arthropods
What sort of feeder is a rabbit?
A fibervore
What is the definition of a nutrient?
A substance used by the body, that must be supplied in adequate amounts from food consumed
What are amino acids?
Molecules that combine to form proteins/peptides/dipeptides/polypeptides
How many amino acids are needed to make a peptide?
2 or more
How many amino acids are needed to make a dipeptide?
2
How many amino acids are needed to make a polypeptide?
3 or more
How many amino acids are needed to make a protein?
50 or more
How many types of amino acid are there?
21
What are the 2 types of amino acid called?
Essential + Non essential
What do amino acids do?
-Break down food
-Grow and repair body tissues
-Make hormones and brain chemicals
-Provide energy
-Build muscle
How many essential amino acids do dogs need?
10
How many essential amino acids do cats need?
11
Why do cats have higher requirements for proteins and amino acids?
Cats can break down protein rapidly and are unable to adapt when dietary supplies are low by reducing the rate of breakdown
What is a fat?
A class of macronutrients called triglycerides
What are carbohydrates?
Essential macronutrients that provide the body with energy and dietary fiber
What are the 3 types of carbohydrate?
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
What are monosaccharides?
Simple sugars
What are 3 monosaccharides?
Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
What are disaccharides?
2 monosaccharides
What are 3 disaccharides?
Sucrose(sugar), Lactose, Maltose
What are polysaccharides?
Many monosaccharides
What are 3 polysaccharides?
Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose
What is the most essential nutrient?
Water
What are uses of water in the body?
-Function of all cells/organs
-Chemical reactions
-Lubricates joints
-Saliva
-Regulates body temp (perspiration)
-Helps move food along intestinal tract
What can vitamins help to fight?
Disease
What can minerals help with in the body?
Health and Growth+Development
What is dentition?
The arrangement or condition of the teeth in a particular species or individual
What are the 2 types of teeth?
Primary(baby), Permenant(adult)
What are the 4 specific types of teeth?
Incisors, Canines, Premolars, Molars
What are incisors needed for?
Biting into things
What are canines needed for?
Tearing food
What are premolars needed for?
Grinding up food
What are molars needed for?
Chewing food
What are the pair of teeth called that carnivores have?
Carnassials
What are carnassial teeth for?
Act as shears to slice up meat, sinew and bone
What is a diastema?
A gap between the teeth
What are some dental problems?
-Tartar buildup
-Plaque buildup
-Cavities
-Gum disease
-Abscesses
What does monogastric mean?
An animal with a single-compartmented stomach
What are some examples of monogastric animals?
Pigs, Horses, Rabbits, Dogs, Cats
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine called?
Duodenum-Jejunum-Ileum
What does the pancreas do?
Secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum, that break down proteins, fats and carbs. The pancreas also makes insulin
Where is bile made?
The liver
Where is bile stored?
The gallbladder
What are the 2 types of enzyme in the small intestine?
Protease(trypsin) and Protease(peptidase)
What does trypsin do?
Helps to breakdown and digest protein
What does peptidase do?
Peptidase is involves in the degradation of off-function proteins in lysosomes
What are the 2 enzymes in the large intestine?
Lipase and Protease
What does lipase do?
Breaks down fats
What is digestion?
The breakdown of nutrients into small enough parts for your body to absorb and use for energy, growth and repair.
What are the 2 types of digestion called?
Physical/mechanical and Chemical
What is physical digestion?
The mechanical breakdown of food- in the mouth: chewing
What is chemical digestion?
The use of certain enzymes to break down certain nutrients, such as carbs, proteins and fats into smaller molecules
What are enzymes?
Proteins that act as catalysts
What are Hind Gut Fermenters?
Monogastric herbivores that have a larger cecum where microbial fermentation occurs
Why do horses not need a gallbladder?
Because they are trickle feeders- bile doesn’t need to be stored if they are eating continually
Why don’t all of the end products of fermentation for HGF get absorbed?
Because the cecum and colon lie after the ileum
What is cecotrophy?
When animals(like rabbits/guinea pigs) eat their feces for nutritional value
What do caecotrophs have in them?
-High microbial protein content
-Less fiber
-Lots of vitamin B
Why might a rabbit lose its desire to eat ceacotrophs?
If it is fed a diet that is too rich
What does the ruminant digestive system consist of?
Rumen-Reticulum-Omasum-Abomasum
What are some ruminant aniamls?
Sheep, Cows, Deer, Goats
What happens within the rumen?
Majority of fiber fermentation
What is the rumen lined with to increase absorption?
Papillae
What happens within the reticulum?
Feed is sorted into digested and undigested- smaller digested pieces pass into the omasum & the larger pieces are sent back into the esophagus to be chewed again(cud). The reticulum is also referred to as the stone trap
What happens inside the omasum?
Main sight of water absorption
What happens in the abomasum?
It produces acids and enzymes to break down proteins
What are the 3 types of deamination?
Oxidative, Non-oxidative, Transamination
What are some factors that might change food requirements?
-Type of feed
-Quality of food
-Growth
-Lactation
-Weather/Temp
-Breed
-Health status
-Working
What does VFI mean?
Voluntary Food Intake
What does BMR mean?
Basal Metabolic Rate
What is BMR
The energy needed to run the very basic bodily functions – such as breathing & heartbeat
What does RER mean?
Resting Energy Requirement
What is RER
the energy needed for an animal at rest
What is energy used for?
-Movement
-Growth
-Digestion
-Respiration
-Circulation
-Nerve function
What does BARF diet stand for?
Bones And Raw Food
