Health Flashcards
Methods of Transmission
Direct, Indirect, Airborne, Vectors, Fomites, Inhalation, Ingestion, Environment
Bacteria:
Living, Reproduce in and out of the cell, Produce toxins, Binary fission.
What kills bacteria?
Antibiotics
What kills viruses?
Soap, UV, things that can oxidise the protein capsid and destroy it, leaving the viruses delicate nucleic acids exposed to the chemical.
Viruses:
Not living, Need a host cell, Contains DNA/RNA, Host cell produces copies, can survive on surfaces for hours - weeks.
How do bacteria reproduce?
Binary Fission. An asexual process where a single cell divides into two
What are the 3 bacteria shapes?
Spheres (cocci), Rods (bacilli), Spirals
Why is TPR important?
It can:
Provide info about an animals overall health,
Help veterinarians to identify potential health problems early on(and so can provide the right treatment),
Show if there are changes in the TPR which could be a sign of illness.
What should a dogs normal temperature be?
38-39.2 /degrees c
What should a cats normal temperature be?
38.1-39.2 /degrees c
What should a dogs normal pulse rate be?
60-140 /bpm
What should a cats normal pulse rate be?
140-220 /bpm
What should a dogs normal respiration rate be?
15-30 /bpm
What should a cats normal respiration rate be?
15-30 /bpm
What are some rabbit respiratory issue symptoms?
Fats/heavy breathing, Noisy breathing, Sneezing, Wheezing, Nasal discharge, Reduced appetite
How would you check an animals CRT?
Firmly press on the gums with fingertip and then release. The time taken for the gums to turn back to pink from white is the CRT. 1-2 seconds is considered normal.
What should be looked at during a ‘Daily Health Check’?
Eating and drinking, Appearance of faeces, Urine production and frequency, Exercise levels, Temperament
What should be looked at during a ‘Weekly Health Check’?
Coat and skin condition, Ear canals for smell and wax, Gums and teeth, Colour of mucous membranes, Check for ‘lumps and bumps’
What should be looked at during a ‘Monthly Health Check’?
Nails, Beak, Teeth length, Weight.
When should an animal have a vet check (time frame)
Yearly
What are the 2 types of diagnostic technique?
Invasive and Non-invasive
What are some examples of invasive diagnostic techniques?
Hair sample, Internal examination, Blood tests, Skin scrape, Temperature taking
What are some examples of non-invasive diagnostic techniques?
Observation, Urine sample, Fecal examination, Ultrasound, X-ray
What are some common causes of vomiting?
Gastro enteritis, Parasites, Motion sickness, Poisons/toxins, Kidney/Liver disease, Cancer
What are some common causes of sneezing?
Upper respiratory infection(e.g. kennel cough), Allergies, Foreign object in the nose, Nasal mites, Nasal tumors
What are some common causes of coughing?
Kennel cough, Pneumonia, Heart disease, Bronchitis, Lung cancer, Parasites (e.e]g. heart worms)
What does polydipsia mean?
When an animal has excessive thirst and is drinking too much
What is a zoonotic disease?
A disease that is able to be transmitted between both animals and humans.
What can zoonotic diseases be caused by?
Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Parasites, Prions
What are some zoonotic diseases?
Rabies, Ringworm, Leptospirosis, Orf, Toxoplasmosis
What is a notifiable disease?
A disease that legally must be reported to the ‘Animal and Plant Health Agency’ (branch of DEFRA)
Why might the government need to know about notifiable diseases
They are often severe, very contagious and/or a cause a problem for food security.
What are the 2 types of notifiable disease?
Endemic (already present in the UK) + Exotic (not normally present in the UK)
What should you do if a notifiable disease is suspected?
Report to the APHA, Stop all animal movement, Avoid contact with other animals, No farm visitors, Stop animals drinking from contaminated water, Don’t share equipment/feed/vehicles between farms
What are some notifiable diseases?
Bluetongue, Rabies, Mad cow disease, Newcastle disease, Bird flu
What is a pathogen?
An organism causing disease to it’s host, with the severity of the disease symptoms referred to as virulence.
What is immunity?
The ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells.
What are the 4 types of immunity?
Active, Passive, Natural, Artificial
What is active immunity?
The production of antibodies by the body itself, followed by the development of memory cells.
What is passive immunity?
Passive immunity results from gaining antibodies from another source, therefore memory cells are not developed.
What is a prophylactic?
Any medical or public health procedure whose purpose is to prevent, rather than treat or cure disease.
What are some animal prophylaxis?
Vaccines, Flea/tick/lice/mite treatment, Worming, Isolation/quarantine
What is an endo-parasite?
A parasite that lives outside the host e.g. on the skin
What is an ecto-parasite?
A parasite that lives within the host e.g. in the intestine
What are the 3 main classes of parasite?
Helminths, Ectoparasites, Protozoa
What vaccinations should all dogs in the UK have?
Distemper, Parvovirus, Adenovirus
Which vaccinations should dogs have every 3 years?
Distemper, Parvo, Hepatitis
What is titre testing?
Titre testing is a set of blood tests that check the immunity your dog has against the diseases they’ve had vaccines for in the past.
What vaccinations should all cats in the UK have?
Cat flu, Feline parvovirus, Feline leukemia virus (if they go outside)
Which 3 vaccinations do rabbits regularly need?
Myxomatosis, Rabbit Viral Hemorrhagic Disease-1 (RVHD-1), Rabbit Viral Hemorrhagic Disease-2 (RVHD-2)
