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human physiology > nutrition > Flashcards

nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

how do animals maintain favorable internal conditions

A

Animals use a considerable portion of their energy from the food they eat to maintain favorable internal conditions.

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2
Q

what do we require chemical energy for?

A

Require chemical energy for growth, physiological processes, maintenance and repair, regulation, and reproduction.

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3
Q

what does food contain?

A

Food also contains organic molecules synthesized by other organisms.

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4
Q

what is food digested by?

A

Food is digested by enzymatic hydrolysis, and energy-containing food molecules are absorbed by body cells.

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5
Q

what is food used for?

A

Food is used to generate ATP by the catabolic processes of cellular respiration and fermentation.

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6
Q

what does ATP do?

A
  • ATP powers cellular work
  • production and use of ATP generates heat so an animal must continuously lose heat to its surroundings
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7
Q

what produces more ATP, fats or carbs?

A

fats (produces twice as much ATP)

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8
Q

what type of biosynthesis can food be used for?

A
  • body growth and repair
  • synthesis of storage material such as fat
  • production of gametes.
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9
Q

what does biosynthesis require?

A

a) carbon skeletons for new structures
b) ATP

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10
Q

what is the metabolic rate?

A

The amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time is called its metabolic rate - the sum of all the energy-requiring biochemical reactions occurring over a given time interval.

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11
Q

what is the basal metabolic rate?

A

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the metabolic rate of a nongrowing endotherm at rest, with an empty stomach, and experiencing no stress

Minimal rates power the basic functions that support life, such as cell maintenance, breathing, and heartbeat.

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12
Q

what happens to the energy in food that cannot be used by the animal?

A
  • the energy lost in feces and urine
    • energy is also lost in the form of heat
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13
Q

what’s an endoderm?

A

regulates boy temp by metabolism

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14
Q

what’s an ectoderm?

A

regulates body temp by behaviour

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15
Q

How do energy transfers happen in our body?

A
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16
Q

are humans endothermic or ectodermic?

A

Humans are mainly endothermic, maintaining their body temperature at a certain level with heat generated by metabolism.

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17
Q

what does endothermy allow for?

A

Endothermy is a high-energy strategy that permits intense, long-duration activity in a wide range of environmental temperatures.

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18
Q

what is the BMR for males and females?

A

1600 - 1800 kcal/d for adult males
1300 - 1500 kcal/d for adult females.

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19
Q

when do maximum metabolic rates occur?

A

Maximal metabolic rates occur during peak activity, such as lifting heavy weights, all-out running, or high-speed swimming.
 

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20
Q

why do we say that an animal’s maximum possible metabolic rate is inversely related to the duration of activity?

A

Humans capable of intense exercise in short spurts of a minute or less.
Humans cannot maintain their maximum metabolic rates and peak activity levels over longer periods of exercise.

if intense period is too long, boy cant maintain

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21
Q

what factors influence energy requirements?

A

age
gender
size
body and environmental temperatures
activity level
hormonal balance

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22
Q

what is a low metabolic rate indicator of?

A

this is an indication of relatively sedentary lifestyles

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23
Q

a nutritionally adequate diet follows which rules?

A
  1. fuel (chemical energy) for all the cellular work of the body;
  2. the organic raw materials animals use in biosynthesis (carbon skeletons to make many of their own molecules);
  3. essential nutrients, substances that the animals cannot make for itself from any raw material and therefore must obtain in food in prefabricated form.
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24
Q

what is ATP required for?

A

a) basal or resting metabolism
b) activity
c) temperature regulation.

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25
Q

where si ATP derived from?

A

ATP is derived from oxidation of organic fuel molecules - carbohydrates, proteins, and fats - in cellular respiration.

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26
Q

if we want to make ATP, which molecules are given the priority?

A

carbohydrates and fats.

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27
Q

what happens when an animal takes more calories than it needs to produce ATP?

A

When an animal takes in more calories than it needs to produce ATP, the excess can be used for biosynthesis.

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28
Q

what can biosynthesis be used for?

A

a) grow in size
b) for reproduction
c) stored in energy depots.

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29
Q

how do liver and muscle cells store energy

A

as glycogen

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30
Q

what is glucose metabolism controlled by?

A

is regulated by hormone action (insulin and glucagon)

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31
Q

what happens if glycogen stores are full and caloric intake still exceeds caloric expenditure?

A

the excess is usually stored as fat.

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32
Q

which organs sends the hormones as an indicator for glucose regulation?

A

the pancreas

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33
Q

how many calories per gram of fat

A

9

34
Q

what is the order in which glycogen is used in our bodies?

A

Generally liver glycogen is used first, and then muscle glycogen and fat.

35
Q

what is a cell that doesn’t respond to insulin?

A

neuron

36
Q

what can happen if the energy budget remains out of balance for long periods?

A

1) undernourishment
2)overnourishment
3)malnutrition

37
Q

what is undernourishment?

A

the diet of a person is chronically deficient in calories

38
Q

what happens during undernourishment?

A

a) stores of glycogen and fat are used up
b) body begins breaking down its own proteins for fuel
c) muscles begin to decrease in size
d) brain can become protein-deficient

If energy intake remains less than energy expenditure
a) death will eventually result
b) even if a seriously undernourished person survives, some damage may be irreversible.

39
Q

when does undernourishment occur?

A

a) when drought, war, or some other crisis has severely disrupted the food supply.
b) in anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder associated with a compulsive aversion to body fat.

40
Q

what is over nourishment?

A

the result from excessive food intake, is a common problem in the United States and other affluent nations.

41
Q

true or false, most dieters return to their constant weight soon after dieting

A

true!

42
Q

what is malnutrition?

A

when a diet is missing one or more essential nutrients

43
Q

can a human be over nourished and malnourished?

A

yes

44
Q

how is hunger regulated?

A

Hormones regulate long-term and short-term appetite by affecting a “satiety center” in the brain

45
Q

which hormone plays a role in regulating obesity?

A

leptin

46
Q

what is leptin produced by?

A

Leptin is produced by adipose tissue

47
Q

what does leptin do?

A

can help to suppress appetite and to increase energy-consuming muscular activity and body-heat production

48
Q

what is the link between body fat and leptin?

A

Loss of body fat decreases leptin levels in the blood, signaling the brain to increase appetite and weight gain.

49
Q

what are the different hormone regulation patterns for hunger?

A

Ghrelin is secreted from the stomach wall and signals feelings of hunger.

PYY (peptide YY) secreted by the small intestine after meals will also act as an appetite suppressant.

Insulin (secreted from the pancreas) also plays a role in appetite suppression.

and of course leptin

50
Q

what do the digestive hormones allow for?

A

These feedback mechanisms regulate body weight around a fairly rigid set point in some individuals and over a relatively wide range in others.

51
Q

what is the difference between leptin, ghrelin, PYY, insulin

A

leptin, insulin, PYY: appetite repression

ghrelin: makes you hungry

52
Q

what are essential nutrients?

A

materials that must be obtained in preassembled form because the animal’s cells cannot make them from any raw material.

53
Q

what is an example of an essentiel nutrient for humans?

A

ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is an essential nutrient for humans.

54
Q

why do our bodies need skeletons for biosynthesis?

A
  • need source of organic carbon (such as sugar)
  • need source of organic nitrogen (usually in amino acids from the digestion of proteins)
  • using these two types of precursors, animals can fabricate a great variety of organic molecules - carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
55
Q

how many amino acids do animals require to make proteins?

A

20

56
Q

can we synthesize all amino acids?

A

Animals can synthesize about half of these if diet includes organic nitrogen.
- essential amino acids must be obtained from food in prefabricated form

therefore we cannot synthesize all

57
Q

which amino acid is essentiel only for infants?

A

histidine

58
Q

what is protein deficiency?

A

Protein deficiency occurs when diet provides insufficient amounts of one or more essential amino acids

59
Q

what is the most common form of malnutrition?

A

protein deficiency

60
Q

which products provide all essential amino acids needed in the right proportions?

A

animal products

61
Q

are plant proteins complete forms of proteins?

A

no, they often lack one or more essential amino acids

62
Q

which amino acid is corn deficient of?

A

lysine

63
Q

how can protein deficiency from plant based diet be solved?

A

Protein deficiency from a vegetarian diet can be avoided by eating a combination of plant foods that complement each other to supply all essential amino acids

64
Q

why does a diet rich in amino acids need to be eaten everyday?

A

Because the body cannot easily store amino acids

65
Q

what are essential fatty acids? give an example

A

fatty acids that the body cannot synthesize on its own.

omega 3 and omega 6

66
Q

where is omega 3 and omega 6 found?

A

fish, nuts, oil

67
Q

what are the essential fatty acids required for

A

brain, hair and skin development

68
Q

what are vitamins?

A

organic molecules required in the diet

69
Q

how many vitamins are essential to human life?

A

13

70
Q

true or false, we need a large quantity of vitamins?

A

false. we need a relatively small quantity

71
Q

why do we only need micro amount of vitamins?

A

cause they get reused, and only need to be replaced when there is cellular aging

72
Q

what are minerals?

A

Minerals are simple inorganic nutrients

73
Q

how many minerals are required per day?

A

which required in small amounts (from less than 1 mg - 2500 mg per day).

74
Q

what are calcium and phosphorus required for as minerals?

A

Calcium and Phosphorus are required for the construction and maintenance of bone among other uses.

75
Q

why do humans need iron (mineral)

A

Iron is a component of the cytochromes that function in cellular respiration and of hemoglobin

76
Q

what does excess iron cause?

A

Excess iron causes liver damage.

77
Q

what is the role of sodium, potassium and chloride?

A

have a major influence on the osmotic balance between cells and the interstitial fluids

78
Q

what does an excess consumption of salt/other minerals cause?

A

Excess consumption of salt or several other minerals can upset homeostatic balance and cause toxic side effects.

79
Q

true or false, high blood pressure and excess salt consumption aren’t related

A

false, they are

80
Q

WHat do these ions do

A
81
Q

What do these ions do

A

human physiology (10 decks)

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