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Biology IGCSE > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Name some of the nutrients in plants

A

Carbon
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Magnesium

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2
Q

What is Carbon used for in plants

A

-used to make glucose-starch
-also used for all other organic molecules

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3
Q

What is Nitrogen used for in plants

A

-converted in soil into ammonia and then nitrates
-used to make amino acids and nucleotides for DNA & RNA

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4
Q

What is Phosphorus used for in plants

A

-in phosphate form its used to make nucleotides

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5
Q

what is Potassium used for in plants

A

-protein production

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6
Q

what is Magnesium used for in plants

A

-used to make chlorophyll

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7
Q

Name examples of natural fertilizers

A

manure and compost

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8
Q

what are the pros and cons of natural fertilizers

A

Pros:
-no harmful chemicals are needed
-easy to produce/obtain
-cheaper

Cons:
-time consuming
-don’t know for sure the amount of nutrients/ minerals that are in them

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9
Q

what are the pros and cons of chemical fertilizers

A

Pros:
-easily accessible
-know exactly how much nutrients/ minerals are present

Cons:
-easy to overuse
-top layer gets washed away (run-off)
-run-off causes algal bloom/ eutrophication
-more expensive

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10
Q

what are lipids

A

a source of energy storage

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11
Q

what are triglycerides made of

A

fatty acids and glycerol

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12
Q

carbs and lipids are made up of

A

c, H, O

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13
Q

what are the types of triglycerides

A

A) Saturated: animal fats
B) Unsaturated:
Cis: vegetable oils
trans: fried oils

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14
Q

place the triglycerides in order of health

A

cis
saturated
trans

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15
Q

describe Cardiovascular disease

A

-saturated but especially trans fats get converted for transport into LDL (Low Density Lipoproteins)
-these are sticky and can build plagues in small blood vessels
-cis fats are converted into HDL which are not associated with causing plagues

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16
Q

what are minerals

A

non-organic ions or molecules that help enzymes or other processes

17
Q

give examples of minerals

A

Na: nervous system
Ca: bones and muscle contraction
Mg: as coenzymes
K: nervous system
Fe: haemoglobin/ oxygen transport
H20: needed as the solvent for transport and chemical reactions in cells

18
Q

what are vitamins

A

organic molecules usually coenzymes
work with enzymes to either activate or increase their efficiency

19
Q

give examples of vitamins

A

Vit A: for retina function (carrots, oils)
Vit D: needs to be combined with Ca and UV light to be used in bone mineralisation (dairy products)
Vit C: associated with the immune system, healthy skin and collagen (citrus, leafy greens)
Vit Bs: important for neurological health (fish, meats like chicken)

20
Q

what do nucleic acids include

A

DNA & RNA
obtained from eating cells

21
Q

high salt diet means you will have

A

high blood pressure

22
Q

points on Scrubby

A

-vitamin C deficiency
-impaired immune system
-weak/ bleeding gums

23
Q

points on Rickets

A

-vitamin D deficiency
-bow-legged
-children’s disease

24
Q

points on Spina bifida

A

-caused by insufficient folic acid while mother is pregnant
-spinal cord exposed in the body

25
Q

points on Osteoporosis

A
  • lack of vitamin D and calcium
  • bones are more porous and break easily
  • associated with menopause
26
Q

points on Atherosclerosis

A
  • build up of plague (cholesterol) in arteries
  • blockage can also be caused by fibrous tissue (scar tissue)
  • associated with obesity
27
Q

points on Kwashiorkor

A

-insufficient nutrient diversity, particularly protein
-eat only 1 thing (carbs)
-skinny with swollen belly

28
Q

points on Marasmus

A

-overall malnutrition- lack in all nutrients
-supper skinny

29
Q

points on Diabetes II

A

-AKA late onset diabetes
-associated with obesity
-typically hits after 50 years old
-can be treated with healthy diet and exercise

30
Q

what are calories and what are their units

A

unit of energy for nutrients
1 calorie is the energy needed to heat 1cm3 of water by 1C

1000 calories= 1kilocalorie (kcal)
Calorie= kilocalorie

31
Q

what is the Basal Metabolic Rate

A

the energy needed to stay alive without additional activities

32
Q

what is the equation for calories

A

energy value of food in calories per gram= change in temperature (C) x volume of water (cm3) /mass of food (g)

Biology IGCSE (12 decks)

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