Nutrition Flashcards
How much percent protein is in cottonseed?
45%
What “plant” takes nitrogen and fixes it into the soil?
Legumes
(T/F) Only grain-fed diet doesn’t meet protein requirements, but it does meet energy requirements
True
(Def) How much of what an animal eats is used
Digestabililty
(Def) High in energy, low in fiber, highly digestible
Concentrates
(def) Low in protein, gives animal access to the carbon chain, for ENERGY, cereal grain/molasses
Carbonaceous concentrate
(def) High in protein, lots of nitrogen, component of protein, great source of protein, more expensive than carbons, fish meal/soybean/cottonseed
Nitrogenous concentrate
(def) Low in energy, high in fiber, less digestible than concentrates, extremely dependent on when you harvest them
Roughages
Mature grass hay, stover, mature cereal grain
Carbonaceous roughage
Legume hay, immature grass hay, growing pasture
Nitrogenous roughage
(def) A good low quality roughage, strictly energy/cellulose, only ruminants
Gin trash
Functions of water?
Transport nutrients and excretions, chemical reactions, regulate body temperature (sweat)
Structure of a protein?
Amino acid, peptide, polypeptide, protein
What is an “essential amino acid”?
Essential to animal, must be supplied in diet, body cannot synthesize them fast enough to meet requirements
What is a “nonessential amino acid”?
Body produces these amino acids naturally
How do you determine protein analysis?
Determine N content and mulitply by 6.25, and look at actual digestable protein (less than 12%)
(T/F) The level of fertilization affects the level of protein
True (directly proportional)
Functions of protein?
Basic structural unit of animal body (muscle), body metabolism (enzymes, hormones…)
(def) Primary source of energy
Carbohydrates
What is the formula to find the amount of carbs?
Calories + chlorophyll = carbs
(def) One sugar molecule, glucose
Monosaccharide
(def) Two sugar molecules, easily absorbable, sucrose
Disaccharide
(def) Three sugar molecules, degraded by stomach bacteria, raffinose
Trisaccharide
(def) Many sugar molecules, larger bonds harder to break
Polysaccharide
Identify the following carbs:
- easy to break, stored
- strong structural carb, forages, only rumens or cecum
- strong structural carb, wood, no animal can digest
Starch, Cellulose, Lignin
Function of carbs?
Provide energy and heat, excess will be stored as fat or excreted
(def) Essential dietary component
Lipids (fats and oils)
Identify the following lipids:
- animal sourced
- plant sourced
Fat, Oil
(T/F) The more complex the carb, the more energy and heat it creates
True
Structure of a lipid?
Composed of fatty acids and glycerol
(T/F) Fat produces less energy than proteins or carbohydrates
False, fat produces 2.25x more energy than those
Calculate fat analysis
Fat x 2.25
Functions of a lipid?
Provide energy, source of essential fatty acids, source of heat/insulation/protection, carrier for absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
Function of vitamins?
Organic catalysts in biochemical reactions
(T/F) Vitamins are only needed in small amounts, most animals don’t need vitamins if they have a well-balanced diet
True
What is Vitamin D?
Fat-soluble, used in calcium absorption, deficiency can cause bone problems
What is Vitamin E?
Fat-soluble, antioxidant
What is Vitamin A?
Fat-soluble, comes through plants, helps vision, inadequate amount can cause an abortion
What is Vitamin C?
Water-soluble, comes from citrus fruits, deficiency common in ruminants
What is Biotin?
Helps animals maintain healthy hooves
What is Vitamin B12?
Only sourced from meat, deficiency causes anemia and slow growth, RUMINANTS MAKE THEIR OWN B12
(def) Inorganic, required by animals, plant, and animal-sourced
Minerals
Function of minerals?
Component of hormones and enzymes, maintains osmotic pressure of the cell, acid-base balance, skeleton and teeth
What is a macromineral? What is a micromineral?
- Minerals needed in major amounts.
- Minerals needed in trace amounts
What is Calcium?
Ca:P ratio is important, deficiency cause rickets (not very common)
What is Phosphorus?
In bones, PICA comes from a deprived appetite
What is Iron?
Component of hemoglobin (carrier of oxygen), deficiency causes anemia
What is Copper?
Hair pigmentation, not every animal needs a lot (sheep have low tolerance), deficiency causes fading hair coat
What is Iodine?
Deficiency causes enlarged thyroid because the body grows more thyroid when low on iodine
What are the 5 macrominerals?
Calcium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Chlorine, Sulfur
What are the 3 microminerals?
Iron, Copper, Iodine
