Nutrition Flashcards
Converting nutrients to energy at the _____ level requires _____ to support the process
transported, oxygen
What kind of metabolism is required for life?
Aerobic
Malnutrition decreases what ….
Lung power, strength, power, and the endurance of the respiratory muscles
What increases energy requirements?
Diseases
What are the two metabolic pathways?
Catabolism and Anabolism
What is Catabolism?
Those that break down molecules as energy is released
Breakdown of larger molecules
What is Anabolism?
Those that build up new molecules to be used in a structural or functional role
Synthesis of larger molecules
What respiration uses the Krebs cycle?
How many ATP is produced?
Aerobic
38
What respiration does not use oxygen?
How many ATP is produced?
What is the waste product?
Anaerobic
2 ATP produced
Lactic acid
What does the metabolic rate determine?
Oxygen uptake (VO2)
By measuring your VO2 at rest what can be calculated?
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) and resting energy expenditure (REE)
Total daily energy expenditure is divided into 3 components: what are they?
REE
Diet induced thermogenesis
energy cost of physical activity
What are the two ways to measure energy requirements?
Direct and Indirect calorimetry
What is direct calorimetry?
a room that measures heat produced and given off by the body
metabolism generates heat, heat is measured in calories
not practiced in the clinical setting
What is indirect calorimetry?
metabolic cart calculates energy expenditure by measuring O2 consumption (VO2) and CO2 production
MOST COMMONLY USED
The higher the metabolic rate , the higher the VO2
RQ is also obtained from indirect calorimetry
What is a Metabolic Cart?
a computer controlled unit composed of O2 and CO2 gas analyzers and flow transducers
Who is the metabolic cart easiest to do on?
Ventilated patients
MC is portable and can be done at bedside
How is energy quantified ?
In kilocalories
1 kcal is the amount of energy it takes to raise the temp ___ kg of water to ___ deg C
1, 1
Can metabolic carts have leaks?
NO! No leaks
What is the RQ?
Ratio of O2 used to CO2 produced in the body per minute
What are the RQ for fats, protiens, and carbs?
Fats: 0.7
Protein: 0.85
Carbs: 1.0
The balance of the 3 food groups (fats, proteins, and carbs) gives and RQ of what?
0.8
The higher the CO2 level the greater the stimulus to the _____ receptors?
Chemo
What is the nervous systems fundamental requirement for?
Glucose
What should be the largest amount of dietary intake?
And what %
Carbs
55-60%
How does the body store carbs?
What is it changed to in digestion?
Glycogen
Glucose in digestion
How long does it take for gluconeogenesis to occur?
12-16 hrs
What is gluconeogenesis ?
insufficient carb intake
What % should proteins make up of dietary intake?
12-15%
How many grams of nitrogen may ill patients loose a day through their urine?
16-20g
1g of urea = ~____ oz of skeletal muscle
1
Protein from a plant based source is more _____ in nature
Alkaline
Fat are ____ times as dense as other nutrients
2x
Fatty acids are usually joined in groups of three forming what?
Triglycerides
What is the serum phosphate range?
2.5-4.5 mg/dL
Phosphate depletion causes reduction of ATP and increased affinity for _____ to _____
Results in decreased _____ delivered to _____
Oxygen, hemoglobin
Oxygen, tissues
What is the enteral route of nutritional admin?
by mouth, most natural
if intubated: through NG tube
