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Foundations 1 - Week 3 > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

0
Q

What is the definition of recommended dietary allowance?

A

The amount of various nutrients that will provide satisfactory levels of nutrients for 97.5% of the population.

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1
Q

What is nutritional status and nutritional intake?

A

Nutritional status is the level of function. Both under over nutrition represents states of malnutrition or poor nutritional status.

Nutritional intake is how much nutrition is consumed. Over and under intake can lead to sub optimal functions or status

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2
Q

What is dietary reference intakes?

A

Includes RDA values plus EAR values plus AI values plus UL values

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3
Q

What is estimated average requirement or EAR?

A

It is the average of RDA.

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4
Q

What is adequate intake?

A

The amount of nutrition that appears to provide good health.

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5
Q

What is tolerable upper intake level or UL?

A

The highest level of nutrition that will pose no Risk to 98% of the population.

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6
Q

Define Calorie?
Define respiratory quotient?
Define daily energy expenditure?
Describe how these values are measured or calculated?

A

Calorie equals 4.18 kilojoules
Respiratory quotient = volume of CO2 produced / volume O2 to consumed.
Daily energy requirement = (BMR240.90+activity)*0.90

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7
Q

Why would do direct calorimetry give different readings than a human.

A

The human body consumes energy at different ratios. For example, not all of the nitrogen in proteins is consumed.

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8
Q

What three major energy expenditures in the human body?

A

Basil, physical activity, thermogenic food effects

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9
Q

Name the 10 essential amino acids?

A

Phenylalanine (F), Valine(V), threonine(T), tryptophan(W), isoleucine(I), methionine(M), histidine(H), arginine(R), Lysine(K), leucine(L)

FILM TV WHK(R)

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10
Q

What is sparing effect regarding amino acids?

A

Substitution of similar amino acids.

Like tyrosine and phenylalanine

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11
Q

What is the chemical score regarding protein quality?

A

The ratio of essential amino acids when compared to an egg

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12
Q

What is the biological value regarding quality of amino acids?

A

The measurement of the percent absorbed of amino acids retained for protein synthesis

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13
Q

What is digestibility regarding the quality of amino acids?

A

It is the percent of food nitrogen absorbed

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14
Q

What is the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score?

A

It is similar to the chemical score, except it uses a 2-5 year old child as the comparison

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15
Q

What is the difference between kwashiorkor and marasmus diseases?

A

Kwashiorkor is a lack of essential amino acids in the diet. Marasmus is a lack of protein and calories in the diet.

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16
Q

What are the differences between available and unavailable carbohydrates?

A

Available carbohydrates can be absorbed by the body, unavailable carbohydrates cannot.

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17
Q

Want are the 2 types dietary fiber? Describe each one.

A

Insoluble fiber - speed up transit, absorbs water and creates bulk.

Soluble fiber- soluble in hot water. Delays gastric emptying. Decrease nutrition absorption.

18
Q

What is the glycemic index?

A

It is a measurement based on the fact that carbs differ in their ability to raise blood glucose levels.

19
Q

What are the three major lipids in diet? Describe their function.

A

Glycerides – energy, building materials, reserve and protection
Phospholipids - membrane function, building material
Cholesterol - membrane function, building material for steroids and vitamin d and bike acid

20
Q

Name the two essential fatty acid?

A

Omega six and omega-3

21
Q

What are two methods used to correlate bodyweight with risk of disease?

A

Body mass index - weight / height^2

Waist to hip ratio - waist/hips

22
Q

What is ghrelin?

A

Hormone secreted by stomach. Stimulates hypothalamus to increase food intake. Inhibited by food intake, hyperglycemia, and obesity.

23
Q

How does sleep effect obesity?

A

A lack of sleep is correlated to obesity.

24
Q

Name the 4 fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, K, E

25
Q

What is another name for vitamin A?

A

Retinal or retinol or retinoic acid

26
Q

What’s important role does vitamin A play in the body?

A

Maintains eye health. Structural component of rhodopsin (rods of eye)- Very light sensitive.

27
Q

What is the main source of vitamin A?

A

Beta carotene

28
Q

How does vitamin D regulate calcium levels in the body?

A

Low levels of calcium in the body activate the parathyroid gland to signal the release of calcitrol (vitamin D). This opens calcium valves in the intestines, kidney, and bones. Once levels get too high the thyroid gland releases calcitonin and bones become remineralize with calcium.

29
Q

Name a consequence of vitamin D deficiency?

A

Rickets or poor bone calcification

30
Q

Name five toxic minerals?

A

Copper, fluoride, molybdenum, selenium, arsenic

31
Q

What is the function of selenium in the body?

A

Antioxidant, regulate thyroid function, contributes to the immune system response.

32
Q

What are some problems associated with selenium deficiency?

A

Keshan disease - endemic cardiomyopathy
Kashin-beck- endemic deforming arthritis
Myxodematous cretinism - mental retardation

33
Q

How does selenium incorporate into a protein?

A

A special transfer RNA is used for selenium to incorporate it into a protein.

34
Q

What is the function of vitamin K in the body?

A

Vitamin K is necessary for blood coagulation.

35
Q

What is the function of vitamin E?

A

An antioxidant, especially for unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipid of cell membranes. Mainly erythrocytes.

E is for erythrocytes.

36
Q

What are problems associated with vitamin E deficiency?

A

Deficiencies cause reproductive failure in animals. Other symptoms include hemolytic anemia, muscular dystrophy, nerve damage.

37
Q

What is the primary role of vitamin C?

A

Antioxidant.

38
Q

What is another name for vitamin B1?
What is its primary function?
Name one disease and it symptoms.

A

Thiamine.

The function is to act as a coenzyme for pyruvate decarboxylase, alpha ketoglutarate decarboxylase and transketolase.

Deficiency-impaired glucose breakdown.

Beri beri- mental confusion, anorexia, muscle weakness….
Wernicke-korsakoff- confusion, ataxia

39
Q

What is another name for vitamin B2?
What is its function in the body?
What are some of diseases associated with vitamin B2

A

Riboflavin
It functions as part of two enzymes FAD and FMN.

Glossitis and dermatitis- lesions of mouth and skin
Cheilosis- cracked lips
Sebhorreic dermatitis - lesions of nasal labia, eye lids, ears, vulva, anus

40
Q

What is the function of niacin or vitamin B3?

A

Part of NADH and NADPH. Derived from tryptophan.

Deficiency- 3Ds of B3. Dematitis, dementia, diarrhea

41
Q

What is the function of Biotin or vitamin B7?

A

Carboxylation reactions. (Pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-coA carboxylase, propionyl coA)

Binding of avidin (in eggs) will lead to a deficiency.

Skin problems-dermatitis

42
Q

What is the function of vitamin B12?

A

Required in 2 enzymatic reactions.

Methionine synthase
Methylmalonyl-coA mutase

43
Q

What is the function of folic acid or vitamin B9?

A

Converted to THF, a coenzyme for 1-carbon transfer/methylation reactions.

Important in notrogenous bases in DNA and RNA.

Deficiency- macrocytic (large RBC)

Foundations 1 - Week 3 (8 decks)

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