nutrition Flashcards
what drives nutrition in infants, children + adolescents
infant = nutrition led child = growth-hormone led pubertal = sex steroid led
do neonates require iron supplementation?
no
healthy term dont need exogenous for first 6 months
endogenous sources - haemoglobin, storage iron, functional tissue iron
when should infants start solid food?
should not start solid foods before 6 months
- breastmilk is then no longer enough for nutritional needs
Sold food before 4 months = risk factor for being overweight at 3 yrs
- Breastfeeding >= 4 month is protective
when can unmodified cows milk, semi skimmed, and skimmed milk be introduced to infants?
no unmodified cows milk as main drink in under 12months - can be used to cook 6-9months
semi skimmed - not til 2yrs
skimmed - not til 5yrs
consequences of late weaning
inadequate energy + nutrients from breast milk alone - faltering growth + malnutrition
micronutrient deficiency - iron, zinc
optimal development of chewing, new tastes + textures
identifying faltering growth
fall of 1+ if birthweight <9th centile
fall of 2+ if birthweight 9th-91st centile
fall of 3+ if birthweight >91 centile
weight if below 2nd centile for age no matter birthweight
public health nutrition interventions
- Food environment supports healthier choices
- Access to effective weight management services
- Sector leaders promote healthy diet + weight
- Diet related health inequalities are reduced
benefits of breastfeeding
Reduced –
o Incidence of Otis media
o Dental caries
o Malocclusion
More clarity of speech
Supports mother-baby relationship and mental health bond
benefits of breastmilk
Reduced o Incidence of infection o Gastro, resp, urinary, ear, necrotising enterocolitis o Severity of allergies, asthma, wheeze, heart disease o Juvenile onset diabetes o Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) o Obesity in both childhood + adulthood o Childhood leukaemia o High BP + cholesterol levels o IBD
Improves response to immunisations
benefits of breastmilk in preterm babies
- Ideal first food
- Crucial for brain development
- Promotes growth + maturation of systems
- Protects from infection + inflammation – colonisation by healthy bacteria
- Switches on digestive hormones + lipases
- Dose dependent – more receives, more the benefits
- Babies’ formula fed in early days have 5 times the risk of developing necrotising enterocolitis
benefits of breastfeeding for mum
Reduces risk of – o Breast + ovarian cancer o Cardiovascular disease o Osteoporosis o Obesity + type 2 diabetes
Delays return to fertility
Supports the mother-baby relationship + mental health of both
signs of ineffective breastfeeding
baby o Feeding very frequently o Frustration o Poor weigh gain o Jaundice o Hypernatremia Mum o Sore nipples o Engorgement = breasts overly full o Mastitis = inflammation of breast tissue o Low milk production o Loss of confidence
most common reason for women to stop breastfeeding
perceptions of poor milk supply
not true ! might be more hungry during growth spurt etc
breastfeeding frequency
first week - very often, could be every hour
first few weeks - 8-12 times a day
initially after birth, baby receves colostrum from breast, what are effects of colostrum?
High levels of immunoglobulins particularly lactoferrin o Helps with absorption of iron – difficult for iron to be absorbed in formula Strong anti-inflammatory effect Stimulates gut growth Concentrated nutrition Initiates acidic pH environment Laxative effect to clear meconium Small volume but large in value
