normal growth + development

Question 1

risk factors for small gestational age?

Answer 1

smoking = biggest cause, affects how placenta works

pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH)
infection
genetic condition

Question 2

normal temp for newborns

Answer 2

36.5-37.5

Question 3

why are newborns at risk of heat loss?

Answer 3

immature thermoregulatory system
low BMR
minimal muscular activity
subcutaneous fat insulation is neglible
high ratio of surface area to body mass

Question 4

define a term baby

Answer 4

37-41weeks

Question 5

normal neonatal weight

Answer 5

2.5-4kg

more/less = large/small for gestational age

Question 6

normal neonate resp rate

Answer 6

40-60/min

Question 7

normal neonate heart rate

Answer 7

120-140/min

Question 8

score used to assess newborn babies

Answer 8

APGAR score

appearance
pulse
grimace
activity
resp rate

0, 1 or 2 - 2 best, 0 all = still born
normal >=8

Question 9

what vitamin do all babies get after birth?

Answer 9

vit K

IM or oral
protects against haemorrhgic disease of new born
breast fed babies more at risk of this (formula contains vit K)

Question 10

vaccinations mothers get before birth

Answer 10

maternal pertussis - protects baby till 3 months

influenza

Question 11

define a preterm baby

Answer 11

before 37 weeks

extrememly = <28
very = 28 - <32
late = 32 - <37

Question 12

agerage age for girl to enter puberty

Answer 12

11

boys averagely 6 months later

Question 13

staging of puberty

Answer 13

Tanner staging

boys = tests grow first
girls = breast budding (thelarche)

Question 14

precocious puberty

Answer 14

normal pubertal development occurring abnormally early
o <8yrs for girls – more common in girls
o <9yrs for boys

Question 15

delayed puberty

Answer 15

absence of secondary sexual development in a girl aged 13 or boy aged 14
o boys > girls

Question 16

when do girls and boys typically have their growth spurt respectively?

Answer 16

girls = 12
boys = 14 - greater growth spurt when it happens, also taller pre puberty

Question 17

growth problem in adolescents investigations

Answer 17

-	bloods
o	gonadotrophins
o	growth factors
o	testosterone/oestradiol
o	thyroid
o	karyotype
-	bone age
-	dynamic function tests (supressing/stimulating specific hormone axis)
-	MRI brain, USS uterus

Question 18

what percentage weight loss should you be concerned about in a neonate?

Answer 18

> = 10%