immunisations Flashcards
primary vs secondary prevention of communicable disease
primary = pre-exposure, routine, travel, occupational vaccines
secondary = alter course of infection/disease to prevent or limit consequences - immunoglobulin - hep B, rabies, varicella zoster
active immunity
immune response to bacterial/viral antigens via production of antibodies
antibody-antigen immune complex alerts other immune cells (B+T cells)
how are antibodies produced?
B cells - triggered to produce antibodies when encounter foreign antigen
(humoral immune system)
(T cells = cell mediated, CD4, CD8, irchestrate response by binding to other cells + sending out signals)
what is passive immunity?
transfer of pre-formed antibodies (immunoglobulins)
or anti-toxins - diptheria
methods of passive immunity?
mother to unborn babt - via placenta, lasts up to a year, only some
from another person or animal - antibodies from blood donors
advantages of passive immunity
rapid action post-exposure can attenuate illness outbreak control can be used if contraindication to active vaccination
disadvantages of passive immunity
short term protection short time window blood derived hypersensitivity reaction expensive
active vs passive immunity
active
- natural infection
- artificial immunisation
passive
- natural transplacental transfer
- artificial human IgG
types of vaccines
live virus vaccines
inactivated vaccines - killed organisms, subunit, conjugate
live virus vaccine examples
attenuated organism, replicates in host
OPV, measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, rotavirus, flu
types of inactivated vaccines
suspension of killed organisms - pertussis, typhoid
subunit vaccines - toxoids or polysaccahrides
conjugate vaccines
conjugate vaccines
inactivated vaccines where polysaccharide attached to immunogenic protein
–> Hib, MenC
which vaccines should be avoided in egg allergies
yellow fever
flu
contraindications to vaccines
confirmed anaphylaxis to previous dose or vaccine component
live vaccines if immunoupressed, steroids, pregnancy
egg allergy
sever latex allergy
acute or evolving illness - defer till resolved/stable
selective childhood vaccination for children in at-risk groups
flue (annual) - 2yrs +
pneummoccal polysaccharide vaccine - 2yrs +
BCG - from birth - 16
hep B all ages
adult vaccination programmes
pneumooccal polysacharride vaccine - 65yrs
shingles - 70yrs
seasonal flu - adults aged 65+, pregnant women, at risk groups
various selective - hep B, travel, occupational
how to notify public health
phone as soon as reasonably practicable
notification in writing within 3 days
examples of live attenuated vaccines
BCG
MMR
yellow fever
examples of inactivated vaccines
rabies
hep A
influenza (intramuscular)
examples of toxoid vaccines
(inactivated toxin)
tetanus
diptheria
pertussis
whats the difference between subunit + conjugate vaccines?
subunit = only part of the pathogen is used to generate an immunogenic response
conjugate = links the poorly immunogeic bacterial polysaccharide outer coats to proteins to make them more immunogenic
