Nutrients and Trace Elements Flashcards
____ is major SOURCE of gases to seawater
In the atmosphere – major, minor, trace gases
___ can act as ___ or ___or atmospheric gases
Atmosphere
Ocean, Source, Sink
N limited in marine systems
- bec of lower availability of ___ and ___ in the oceans than in freshwater
- ____ (MoO4) is needed in ___ but SO4 can interfere and inhibit Mo assimilation
- stereochemistry of MoO4 and SO4 are similar
N Fixation, Iron (Fe), Molybdenum, Molybdate
The solubility of gas INCREASES with:
1.___in temperature
2. ___ in salinity
3. ___ in pressure
- Decrease (cold seawater holds more gas)
- Decrease (more dilute seawater holds more gas)
- Increase (deeper seawater holds more gas)
At 25C N is __ ml/kg of seawater
At 0C N is __ ml/kg of seawater
Hence surface waters in the ___ contain more gas than warm equatorial surface water
10, 15, Polar Regions
– affected by physical processes alone; ex. Na
– affected by physical, biological, and chemical processes; ex. N, P, etc
- Conservative
- Non-conservative
Nitrogen is ___ – concentration changes by mixing only
However, there are non-conservative processes that involve nitrogen
1.
2.
Conservative
1. Nitrogen Fixation
2. Denitrification
- Sink for N
- N2 gas 🡪 NH3 🡪 organic Nitrogen
- Responsible for fixing nitrogen to organic N
Nitrogen Fixation
___________ – responsible for fixing nitrogen to organic N
Blue green algae
– occur in freshwater systems, also in seagrass beds, coral reefs
N fixation
source of N
During oxidation (decomposition) of organic matter,
CH2O + O2 🡪 CO2 + H20
Oxygen gets used up, system will use NO3 as oxidant
5 CH2O + 4 NO3 🡪 2 N2 + 4 HCO3 + CO2 + 3 H20
_______________:
NO3 🡪 NO2 🡪 N2O 🡪 N2
Denitrification
____ is non-conservative because it is biologically active
Oxygen
Non-conservative processes for oxygen
1.
2.
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration
Plants use sunlight to convert CO2 and H20 to organic carbon w oxygen as by-product
6CO2 (inorganic carbon) + 6H20 🡪 C6H12O6 + 6O2 (organic carbon)
Occur near the surface in _____ zone
(need light)
Photosynthesis
euphotic
Why are surface waters are supersaturated by 3%
1.
2.
- Photosynthesis
- Trapping of air bubbles
Breakdown of organic carbon to recover chemical energy stored in org cpds
C6H12O6 + 6O2 (organic carbon) 🡪 6CO2 + 6H20 (inorganic carbon)
Respiration
In the Vertical profile of oxygen:
______/Photosynthesis
Consumption/______/Decay
Oxygen minimum:
rate_____ > rate of supply
Thermohaline circulation
Gas exchange
Respiration
rate of use
Deep ocean Circulation is driven by?
DENSITY difference
______ – younger water
______ – older water
Atlantic
Pacific
Grand Tour: Atlantic to Pacific and back = _____ yrs
1000 yrs
DO values ___ in Atlantic than Pacific because Pacific is ___ water. ___ accumulates as water travels, and DO is used up and becomes less in the Pacific.
Higher, Older, Organic Matter
C6H12O6 + 6O2 🡪
(organic carbon)
6CO2 + 6H20 (Inorganic Carbon)
CO2 is utilized in both ____ and ____ formation.
Soft Tissue and Hard Tissue
CO2 higher ___ than other gases
Solubility
CO2 does not only dissolve but reacts with ___, and dissociates to ___
H20, Anions
___? = CO2 + HCO3- + CO3= + H2CO3
DIC (total dissolved inorg C)
Sum of all the inorganic carbon species:
- What is its equation?
Total dissolved CO2 (TDC)
TDC = CO2 + HCO3- + CO3= + H2CO3
Lower pH value indicate ____
Seawater pH = ?
Increasing Acidity
~8.2
- capacity of bases to neutralize acid (or + charges)
- measure of buffering capacity of seawater
Alkalinity
HCO3 and CO3 combined contribute ___ to total alkalinity
96.5%
Reactions with ___ important in regulating chemistry of seawater and the atmosphere
- Buffers oceans against sudden changes in acidity
if too much H: ____
if more H needed: ____
Dissolved CO2
HCO3 -> CO3
CO3 -> HCO3
Non-conservative Processes for CO2
1.
2.
- Photosynthesis and Respiration
- CO2 + H2O⬄CH2O + O2 - Calcium carbonate dissolution and precipitation
- CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O⬄Ca + 2HCO3
How does the ocean respond to increase in CO2?
Higher atm CO2 🡪 more dissolution in water 🡪 higher H+
Respiration in deep ocean controls ____
CaCO3 Saturation (H+ dissolves CaCO3)
In Pacific, more CO2 hence more __ or less __
H+, pH
What makes a gas a greenhouse gas?
1.
2.
3.
- High radiative forcing
- Long lifetime
- High concentrations
____ region likely experiencing higher than global estimates (sea-level rise)
Western Equatorial Pacific
____ affects food for other organisms
Ocean Acidification
____ occurs when coral polyps expel algae that lives inside their tissues. Normally, coral polyps live in an endosymbiotic relationship with the algae and that relationship is crucial for the coral and hence for the health of the whole reef. _____ can lead to coral death; loss of coral reef structure and macroalgae overgrowth.
Coral Bleaching, Prolonged Bleaching
Important and commonly measured elements needed for growth
Nutrients
needed in large quantities
- O, C, N, H, P, S, K, Mg, Ca
Essential Macronutrients
needed in smaller quantities
- Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, Si, Mo, Cl, V, Co, Na
Essential Micronutrient elements
___ and ___ = Soft tissue builder
___ = Hard Tissue Builder
Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Silicon
Nutrient Regime
1. = well fed (___ means nutrition)
- high nutrients, high production
- ex. Upwelling areas, Coastal waters
2. = poorly fed
- low nutrients, low production
- ex. Open ocean
3. midway
- Eutrophic, Trophic
- Oligotrophic
- Mesotrophic
Physical Speciation:
A. Pass thru a given filter (0.45µm)
B. Retained by a given filter
C. Pass thru conventional filters, but are not dissolved
A. Dissolved
B. Particulate
C. Colloidal
____ 🡪 Phytoplankton 🡪 Zooplankton
Dissolved Nutrient
Conc of nutrients in seawater changes in relation to fixed conc ratio in the organism
Redfield Ratio (106C: 16N: 1P: 138O)
Typical nutrient concentrations in the ocean:
1.
2.
3.
- Phosphate (“0” - 3picomol/L)
- Nitrate (“0” - 40picomol/L)
- Silicate (“0” - 200picomol/L)
Types of Phosphorus:
1.
a.
b.
2.
- Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus (DIP)
a. pH-dependent speciation of Orthophosphate
b. Polyphosphate - Dissolved Organic Phosphorus (DOP)
___ - High consumption of inorganic nutrients; high production of organic nutrients
___ - Slow release of inorganic nutrients due to decomposition of falling particles; slow utilization of organic nutrients (___ via ___)
Biological Uptake
Regeneration
Regeneration via Respiration
Types of Nitrogen:
1.
2.
- Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN)
- Dissolved Organic Nitrogen (DON)
Silica Soluble Forms:
1.
2.
3.
Silica Particulate Form = ___?
- H2SiO3
- HSiO3
- SiO3
SiO2 silica = biogenic opal
Silicate Regeneration via ___?
Dissolution
___ brings up cold, nutrient rich water to the surface.
Upwelling
Material available in amount most closely approaching the critical minimum required to sustain activity.
Freshwater – ___
Seawater – ___
Limiting Factor
P Limited
N Limited
- penetrate between dirt and fabric
- soften the water by removing Ca and Mg ions which will precipitate with surfactant to form gummy precipitate
- Has surfactant and builder
- Surfactant
- Builder
- Detergent
Nutrients – good = ___
Nutrients – bad = ___ 🡪eutrophication, algal bloom
Food, Pollutant
The high demand for milkfish has resulted in intensive and extensive ____ and degradation of water quality.
Mariculture Activities
Over-enrichment of water with nutrients, the symptoms of which are hypoxia (O2 depletion), and harmful algal blooms, which disrupt coastal ecosystems
Eutrophication
The accelerated increase in the concentration of nutrients and organic matter load in a body of water due to human activities
Cultural Eutrophication
Zone 1 = ___?
Zone 2 = ___?
Zone 3 = ___?
Zone 4 = ___?
Ecotourism Zone
Multiple-Use Zone
Fishery Management Zone
Trade and Navigational Zone
High DIP, low DIN/DIP ratio is due to ____ of wasted feeds and fish feces, and fish excretions
Decomposition
Tidal cycle influenced the DIP distribution through ___ (SE) and ___ mariculture waters (NW)
Intrusion of Offshore, Advection of Inshore
____ and created an ___ that is highly susceptible to sporadic algal blooms whenever N is supplied from freshwater input during the wet season
DIP Enrichment, N-Limited Condition
There is an ___ in fish structures in Anda through the years.
These contributes to ___ by fish wastes and fish by-products.
Increase, Nutrient Increase
- ___? - Follow thermodynamics, or greatest energy released per carbon oxidized
- ___? - are consumed in order of decreasing energy production per mole of organic carbon oxidized
Diagenetic Sequence
Oxidants
Diagenetic Sequence
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
- Aerobic respiration
- Denitrification
- Fe/Mn reduction
- SO4 reduction
- Methanogenesis
Diagenetic Sequence Assumptions:
1. O2, NO3, MnO2, Fe2O3 and SO4 are the only ___
2. Organic matter is the only ___
3. Oxidants are ___, i.e. each reaction proceeds to completion before the next one starts
- Electron Acceptors
- Electron Donor
- Limiting
Elements:
- 0.05 to > 50 mmol/L
- 0.05 to 50 umol/L
- <50 nmol/L
- Major
- Minor
- Trace
needed by most living organisms in small but critical concentrations for growth but excess concentration causes toxicity
ex. Cu, Zn
Essential Elements
elements with no known biochemical function; do not cause deficiency at low conc and cause toxicity at high conc; will not affect yield or growth if absent in seawater
ex. Cd, Pb
Non-essential Elements
Problems with Trace Element (TE) work:
1.
2.
- Contamination
- Very low concentrations
Sources of contamination in ships
1.
2.
3.
Solutions to avoid contamination
1.
2.
3.
- Metal parts
- Smokestacks
- Discharges
- Use of non-metal material (plastic) covering for the hydro wire of rosette sampler
- Inside of water samplers coated with teflon
- Transfer of Niskin bottles to a clean sampling area
Classes of Trace Elements:
1. affected by hydration and ionic strength of solution
ex. Zn+2, Cd+2
2. begin as cations and become anions (oxyanions)
ex. Se+6 + 4H2O -> SeO4-2 + 8H+
3. ____
ex. Fe+2/Fe+3 Mn+2/Mn+4
4. ____
ex. CH3Hg
- Cations
- Fully Hydrolyzed Elements
- Multi-oxidation state ions
- Organometallic Compounds
nature of vertical profiles allow major processes controlling the element’s distribution to be elucidated
Types of Trace element distribution (for dissolved form)
Types of Trace element distribution (for dissolved form):
1. constant concentration relative to salinity, low reactivity; ex. Rb, Cs, Mo, W
2. involves biological uptake and regeneration
ex. Cd - similar to PO4
3.
- Pb
from gasoline; introduced to the atmosphere; falls down to surface oceans via rainfall; particle-reactive once at the surface oceans – attaches itself to the particle; when particle sinks, the element decreases in concentration as depth increases)
- Mn
4. ex. Al
Al in surface waters comes from dust (aluminosilicate); in water, Al from dust forms aluminum hydroxide, which is particle-reactive, making it easily scavenged by particles (e.g., siliceous shells); when siliceous shells get regenerated at depths via dissolution, Al is released back to the water column
5. ex. Mn
6. ex: As, Se (metalloids)
7.
- Conservative
- Nutrient Type
- Surface enrichment and depletion with depth
- Mid-Depth Minima
- Mid-Depth Maxima
- Multiple Oxidation State Species
Nutrient Type:
Se (IV) and Ag are incorporated in the hard parts or ___ of –organisms
When silica shells undergo ____, these elements are released as well
Siliceous Shells, Regeneration via Dissolution
Surface enrichment and depletion with depth
- ?
*From gasoline; introduced to the atmosphere; falls down to surface oceans via rainfall; particle-reactive once at the surface oceans – attaches itself to the particle; when particle sinks, the element decreases in concentration as depth increases)
- Decrease in Pb in surface waters through time is due to the switch to the use of ___
Pb (Lead), UInleaded Gasoline
Al in surface waters comes from ____ (aluminosilicate); in water, Al from dust forms ___, which is particle-reactive, making it easily scavenged by particles (e.g., siliceous shells); when siliceous shells get regenerated at depths via dissolution, Al is released back to the water column
Dust, Aluminum Hydroxide
____ first poison used by man
As -3, 0, +3, +5
dimethyl arsenic acid
monomethyl arsonic acid
Arsenic
As (V) can behave like ___ (nutrient)
Se (IV) – behaves like ___
Se (VI) – behaves like ___
Phosphate
Silicate
Phosphate
- ___? - harmful to an individual organism
- ___? - harmful to the environment
Toxic
Pollutant
Bioconcentration + Biomagnification = ____?
Bioaccumulation
___? - direct uptake of substance by living organisms (through mere exposure); from medium via skin, gills, lungs
___? - results from dietary uptake
Bioconcentration, Biomagnification
Heavy Metal related diseases
Hg – ___?
Cd – ___?
Pb – ___?
- Minamata disease (organic Hg)
- Itai-itai disease
- Plumbism
- Chronic poisoning by alkyl mercury compounds from industrial waste, characterized by (usually permanent) impairment of brain functions such as speech, sight, and muscular coordination.
- Methylmercury poisoning in Japan caused by environmental pollution.
- ____ is methylmercury (MeHg) poisoning that occurred in humans who ingested fish and shellfish contaminated by MeHg discharged in waste water from a chemical plant (Chisso Co. Ltd.).
Minamata Disease (Organic Hg)
The term “____” was coined by locals for the severe pains victims felt in their spine and in their joints.
Itai-Itai Disease
Poisoning caused by the presence of lead or lead salts in the body; it affects the brain, nervous system, blood, and digestive system and can be either chronic or acute.
Plumbism
