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MS 101 LE 3 > Nutrients and Trace Elements > Flashcards

Nutrients and Trace Elements Flashcards

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1
Q

____ is major SOURCE of gases to seawater

In the atmosphere – major, minor, trace gases

___ can act as ___ or ___or atmospheric gases

A

Atmosphere
Ocean, Source, Sink

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2
Q

N limited in marine systems
- bec of lower availability of ___ and ___ in the oceans than in freshwater
- ____ (MoO4) is needed in ___ but SO4 can interfere and inhibit Mo assimilation
- stereochemistry of MoO4 and SO4 are similar

A

N Fixation, Iron (Fe), Molybdenum, Molybdate

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3
Q

The solubility of gas INCREASES with:

1.___in temperature
2. ___ in salinity
3. ___ in pressure

A
  1. Decrease (cold seawater holds more gas)
  2. Decrease (more dilute seawater holds more gas)
  3. Increase (deeper seawater holds more gas)
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4
Q

At 25C N is __ ml/kg of seawater
At 0C N is __ ml/kg of seawater

Hence surface waters in the ___ contain more gas than warm equatorial surface water

A

10, 15, Polar Regions

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5
Q

– affected by physical processes alone; ex. Na
– affected by physical, biological, and chemical processes; ex. N, P, etc

A
  • Conservative
  • Non-conservative
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6
Q

Nitrogen is ___ – concentration changes by mixing only

However, there are non-conservative processes that involve nitrogen
1.
2.

A

Conservative
1. Nitrogen Fixation
2. Denitrification

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7
Q
  • Sink for N
  • N2 gas 🡪 NH3 🡪 organic Nitrogen
  • Responsible for fixing nitrogen to organic N
A

Nitrogen Fixation

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8
Q

___________ – responsible for fixing nitrogen to organic N

A

Blue green algae

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9
Q

– occur in freshwater systems, also in seagrass beds, coral reefs

A

N fixation

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10
Q

source of N

During oxidation (decomposition) of organic matter,
CH2O + O2 🡪 CO2 + H20
Oxygen gets used up, system will use NO3 as oxidant
5 CH2O + 4 NO3 🡪 2 N2 + 4 HCO3 + CO2 + 3 H20
_______________:
NO3 🡪 NO2 🡪 N2O 🡪 N2

A

Denitrification

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11
Q

____ is non-conservative because it is biologically active

A

Oxygen

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12
Q

Non-conservative processes for oxygen
1.
2.

A
  1. Photosynthesis
  2. Respiration
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13
Q

Plants use sunlight to convert CO2 and H20 to organic carbon w oxygen as by-product

6CO2 (inorganic carbon) + 6H20 🡪 C6H12O6 + 6O2 (organic carbon)

Occur near the surface in _____ zone
(need light)

A

Photosynthesis

euphotic

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14
Q

Why are surface waters are supersaturated by 3%
1.
2.

A
  1. Photosynthesis
  2. Trapping of air bubbles
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15
Q

Breakdown of organic carbon to recover chemical energy stored in org cpds

C6H12O6 + 6O2 (organic carbon) 🡪 6CO2 + 6H20 (inorganic carbon)

A

Respiration

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16
Q

In the Vertical profile of oxygen:

______/Photosynthesis
Consumption/______/Decay
Oxygen minimum:
rate_____ > rate of supply

Thermohaline circulation

A

Gas exchange
Respiration
rate of use

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17
Q

Deep ocean Circulation is driven by?

A

DENSITY difference

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18
Q

______ – younger water
______ – older water

A

Atlantic
Pacific

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19
Q

Grand Tour: Atlantic to Pacific and back = _____ yrs

A

1000 yrs

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20
Q

DO values ___ in Atlantic than Pacific because Pacific is ___ water. ___ accumulates as water travels, and DO is used up and becomes less in the Pacific.

A

Higher, Older, Organic Matter

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21
Q

C6H12O6 + 6O2 🡪
(organic carbon)

A

6CO2 + 6H20 (Inorganic Carbon)

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22
Q

CO2 is utilized in both ____ and ____ formation.

A

Soft Tissue and Hard Tissue

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23
Q

CO2 higher ___ than other gases

A

Solubility

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24
Q

CO2 does not only dissolve but reacts with ___, and dissociates to ___

A

H20, Anions

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25
Q

___? = CO2 + HCO3- + CO3= + H2CO3

A

DIC (total dissolved inorg C)

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26
Q

Sum of all the inorganic carbon species:
- What is its equation?

A

Total dissolved CO2 (TDC)
TDC = CO2 + HCO3- + CO3= + H2CO3

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27
Q

Lower pH value indicate ____
Seawater pH = ?

A

Increasing Acidity
~8.2

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28
Q
  • capacity of bases to neutralize acid (or + charges)
  • measure of buffering capacity of seawater
A

Alkalinity

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29
Q

HCO3 and CO3 combined contribute ___ to total alkalinity

A

96.5%

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30
Q

Reactions with ___ important in regulating chemistry of seawater and the atmosphere
- Buffers oceans against sudden changes in acidity
if too much H: ____
if more H needed: ____

A

Dissolved CO2
HCO3 -> CO3
CO3 -> HCO3

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31
Q

Non-conservative Processes for CO2
1.
2.

A
  1. Photosynthesis and Respiration
    - CO2 + H2O⬄CH2O + O2
  2. Calcium carbonate dissolution and precipitation
    - CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O⬄Ca + 2HCO3
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32
Q

How does the ocean respond to increase in CO2?

A

Higher atm CO2 🡪 more dissolution in water 🡪 higher H+

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33
Q

Respiration in deep ocean controls ____

A

CaCO3 Saturation (H+ dissolves CaCO3)

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34
Q

In Pacific, more CO2 hence more __ or less __

A

H+, pH

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35
Q

What makes a gas a greenhouse gas?
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. High radiative forcing
  2. Long lifetime
  3. High concentrations
36
Q

____ region likely experiencing higher than global estimates (sea-level rise)

A

Western Equatorial Pacific

37
Q

____ affects food for other organisms

A

Ocean Acidification

37
Q

____ occurs when coral polyps expel algae that lives inside their tissues. Normally, coral polyps live in an endosymbiotic relationship with the algae and that relationship is crucial for the coral and hence for the health of the whole reef. _____ can lead to coral death; loss of coral reef structure and macroalgae overgrowth.

A

Coral Bleaching, Prolonged Bleaching

38
Q

Important and commonly measured elements needed for growth

A

Nutrients

39
Q

needed in large quantities
- O, C, N, H, P, S, K, Mg, Ca

A

Essential Macronutrients

40
Q

needed in smaller quantities
- Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, Si, Mo, Cl, V, Co, Na

A

Essential Micronutrient elements

41
Q

___ and ___ = Soft tissue builder
___ = Hard Tissue Builder

A

Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Silicon

42
Q

Nutrient Regime
1. = well fed (___ means nutrition)
- high nutrients, high production
- ex. Upwelling areas, Coastal waters
2. = poorly fed
- low nutrients, low production
- ex. Open ocean
3. midway

A
  1. Eutrophic, Trophic
  2. Oligotrophic
  3. Mesotrophic
43
Q

Physical Speciation:
A. Pass thru a given filter (0.45µm)
B. Retained by a given filter
C. Pass thru conventional filters, but are not dissolved

A

A. Dissolved
B. Particulate
C. Colloidal

44
Q

____ 🡪 Phytoplankton 🡪 Zooplankton

A

Dissolved Nutrient

45
Q

Conc of nutrients in seawater changes in relation to fixed conc ratio in the organism

A

Redfield Ratio (106C: 16N: 1P: 138O)

46
Q

Typical nutrient concentrations in the ocean:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Phosphate (“0” - 3picomol/L)
  2. Nitrate (“0” - 40picomol/L)
  3. Silicate (“0” - 200picomol/L)
47
Q

Types of Phosphorus:
1.
a.
b.
2.

A
  1. Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus (DIP)
    a. pH-dependent speciation of Orthophosphate
    b. Polyphosphate
  2. Dissolved Organic Phosphorus (DOP)
48
Q

___ - High consumption of inorganic nutrients; high production of organic nutrients
___ - Slow release of inorganic nutrients due to decomposition of falling particles; slow utilization of organic nutrients (___ via ___)

A

Biological Uptake
Regeneration
Regeneration via Respiration

49
Q

Types of Nitrogen:
1.
2.

A
  1. Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN)
  2. Dissolved Organic Nitrogen (DON)
50
Q

Silica Soluble Forms:
1.
2.
3.
Silica Particulate Form = ___?

A
  1. H2SiO3
  2. HSiO3
  3. SiO3

SiO2 silica = biogenic opal

51
Q

Silicate Regeneration via ___?

A

Dissolution

52
Q

___ brings up cold, nutrient rich water to the surface.

A

Upwelling

53
Q

Material available in amount most closely approaching the critical minimum required to sustain activity.

Freshwater – ___
Seawater – ___

A

Limiting Factor
P Limited
N Limited

54
Q
  • penetrate between dirt and fabric
  • soften the water by removing Ca and Mg ions which will precipitate with surfactant to form gummy precipitate
  • Has surfactant and builder
A
  • Surfactant
  • Builder
  • Detergent
55
Q

Nutrients – good = ___
Nutrients – bad = ___ 🡪eutrophication, algal bloom

A

Food, Pollutant

56
Q

The high demand for milkfish has resulted in intensive and extensive ____ and degradation of water quality.

A

Mariculture Activities

57
Q

Over-enrichment of water with nutrients, the symptoms of which are hypoxia (O2 depletion), and harmful algal blooms, which disrupt coastal ecosystems

A

Eutrophication

58
Q

The accelerated increase in the concentration of nutrients and organic matter load in a body of water due to human activities

A

Cultural Eutrophication

59
Q

Zone 1 = ___?
Zone 2 = ___?
Zone 3 = ___?
Zone 4 = ___?

A

Ecotourism Zone
Multiple-Use Zone
Fishery Management Zone
Trade and Navigational Zone

60
Q

High DIP, low DIN/DIP ratio is due to ____ of wasted feeds and fish feces, and fish excretions

A

Decomposition

61
Q

Tidal cycle influenced the DIP distribution through ___ (SE) and ___ mariculture waters (NW)

A

Intrusion of Offshore, Advection of Inshore

62
Q

____ and created an ___ that is highly susceptible to sporadic algal blooms whenever N is supplied from freshwater input during the wet season

A

DIP Enrichment, N-Limited Condition

63
Q

There is an ___ in fish structures in Anda through the years.

These contributes to ___ by fish wastes and fish by-products.

A

Increase, Nutrient Increase

64
Q
  • ___? - Follow thermodynamics, or greatest energy released per carbon oxidized
  • ___? - are consumed in order of decreasing energy production per mole of organic carbon oxidized
A

Diagenetic Sequence
Oxidants

65
Q

Diagenetic Sequence
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A
  • Aerobic respiration
  • Denitrification
  • Fe/Mn reduction
  • SO4 reduction
  • Methanogenesis
66
Q

Diagenetic Sequence Assumptions:
1. O2, NO3, MnO2, Fe2O3 and SO4 are the only ___
2. Organic matter is the only ___
3. Oxidants are ___, i.e. each reaction proceeds to completion before the next one starts

A
  • Electron Acceptors
  • Electron Donor
  • Limiting
67
Q

Elements:
- 0.05 to > 50 mmol/L
- 0.05 to 50 umol/L
- <50 nmol/L

A
  • Major
  • Minor
  • Trace
68
Q

needed by most living organisms in small but critical concentrations for growth but excess concentration causes toxicity
ex. Cu, Zn

A

Essential Elements

69
Q

elements with no known biochemical function; do not cause deficiency at low conc and cause toxicity at high conc; will not affect yield or growth if absent in seawater
ex. Cd, Pb

A

Non-essential Elements

70
Q

Problems with Trace Element (TE) work:
1.
2.

A
  1. Contamination
  2. Very low concentrations
71
Q

Sources of contamination in ships
1.
2.
3.

Solutions to avoid contamination
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Metal parts
  2. Smokestacks
  3. Discharges
  4. Use of non-metal material (plastic) covering for the hydro wire of rosette sampler
  5. Inside of water samplers coated with teflon
  6. Transfer of Niskin bottles to a clean sampling area
72
Q

Classes of Trace Elements:
1. affected by hydration and ionic strength of solution
ex. Zn+2, Cd+2
2. begin as cations and become anions (oxyanions)
ex. Se+6 + 4H2O -> SeO4-2 + 8H+
3. ____
ex. Fe+2/Fe+3 Mn+2/Mn+4
4. ____
ex. CH3Hg

A
  1. Cations
  2. Fully Hydrolyzed Elements
  3. Multi-oxidation state ions
  4. Organometallic Compounds
73
Q

nature of vertical profiles allow major processes controlling the element’s distribution to be elucidated

A

Types of Trace element distribution (for dissolved form)

74
Q

Types of Trace element distribution (for dissolved form):
1. constant concentration relative to salinity, low reactivity; ex. Rb, Cs, Mo, W
2. involves biological uptake and regeneration
ex. Cd - similar to PO4
3.
- Pb
from gasoline; introduced to the atmosphere; falls down to surface oceans via rainfall; particle-reactive once at the surface oceans – attaches itself to the particle; when particle sinks, the element decreases in concentration as depth increases)
- Mn
4. ex. Al
Al in surface waters comes from dust (aluminosilicate); in water, Al from dust forms aluminum hydroxide, which is particle-reactive, making it easily scavenged by particles (e.g., siliceous shells); when siliceous shells get regenerated at depths via dissolution, Al is released back to the water column
5. ex. Mn
6. ex: As, Se (metalloids)
7.

A
  1. Conservative
  2. Nutrient Type
  3. Surface enrichment and depletion with depth
  4. Mid-Depth Minima
  5. Mid-Depth Maxima
  6. Multiple Oxidation State Species
75
Q

Nutrient Type:
Se (IV) and Ag are incorporated in the hard parts or ___ of –organisms
When silica shells undergo ____, these elements are released as well

A

Siliceous Shells, Regeneration via Dissolution

76
Q

Surface enrichment and depletion with depth
- ?
*From gasoline; introduced to the atmosphere; falls down to surface oceans via rainfall; particle-reactive once at the surface oceans – attaches itself to the particle; when particle sinks, the element decreases in concentration as depth increases)
- Decrease in Pb in surface waters through time is due to the switch to the use of ___

A

Pb (Lead), UInleaded Gasoline

77
Q

Al in surface waters comes from ____ (aluminosilicate); in water, Al from dust forms ___, which is particle-reactive, making it easily scavenged by particles (e.g., siliceous shells); when siliceous shells get regenerated at depths via dissolution, Al is released back to the water column

A

Dust, Aluminum Hydroxide

78
Q

____ first poison used by man
As -3, 0, +3, +5
dimethyl arsenic acid
monomethyl arsonic acid

A

Arsenic

79
Q

As (V) can behave like ___ (nutrient)
Se (IV) – behaves like ___
Se (VI) – behaves like ___

A

Phosphate
Silicate
Phosphate

80
Q
  • ___? - harmful to an individual organism
  • ___? - harmful to the environment
A

Toxic
Pollutant

81
Q

Bioconcentration + Biomagnification = ____?

A

Bioaccumulation

82
Q

___? - direct uptake of substance by living organisms (through mere exposure); from medium via skin, gills, lungs
___? - results from dietary uptake

A

Bioconcentration, Biomagnification

83
Q

Heavy Metal related diseases

Hg – ___?
Cd – ___?
Pb – ___?

A
  • Minamata disease (organic Hg)
  • Itai-itai disease
  • Plumbism
84
Q
  • Chronic poisoning by alkyl mercury compounds from industrial waste, characterized by (usually permanent) impairment of brain functions such as speech, sight, and muscular coordination.
  • Methylmercury poisoning in Japan caused by environmental pollution.
  • ____ is methylmercury (MeHg) poisoning that occurred in humans who ingested fish and shellfish contaminated by MeHg discharged in waste water from a chemical plant (Chisso Co. Ltd.).
A

Minamata Disease (Organic Hg)

85
Q

The term “____” was coined by locals for the severe pains victims felt in their spine and in their joints.

A

Itai-Itai Disease

86
Q

Poisoning caused by the presence of lead or lead salts in the body; it affects the brain, nervous system, blood, and digestive system and can be either chronic or acute.

A

Plumbism

MS 101 LE 3 (4 decks)

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